gender

• gender schema theory


  the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly
• confirmation bias


  Works to reinforce gender schema - ignores, distorts or forgets info that doesn't fit into schema
• sex hormones


  SRY gene and testosterone influenced gender in womb and puberty
• Evolutionary explanations


  Gender role division is an adaption to challenges faced by EEA. Gender role: male - hunter, female - carer
• Malfunction of sex hormones

  Too much testosterone, foetus will have a masculinised brain
• Peer influences


  Peer pressure has an impact on who you play with and how you express gender identity
• Atypical gender roles


  Norms of society change away from old stereotypes of women as caters and men as wage earners
• Sandra Bem


  BSRI was a systematic attempt to measure androgyny levels
• Conditioning


  Gender norms change, so the way gender is reinforced to children does too. Children experience reinforcement for expressing dysphoria so may become dysphoric, learn from association.
• Social learning theory


  All behaviour learnt through observation and imitation
• Role models


  people we admire and whose behavior we imitate as they are rewarded
• Cognitive Approach


  Explains gender identity in mental concepts and ways of thinking about gender.
• Social Approach


  Explains gender identity through effects of other people and society
• Learning Approach


  Explains gender identity through impact of environment
• Biological Approach


  Explains gender identity through hormones and genes
• Masculinity


  Psychological characteristics associated with being male
• Femininity


  Psychological characteristics associated with being female
• Typical Gender Identity


  Gender identity reflects biological sex
• Atypical Gender Identity


  Gender identity does not reflect biological sex
• Binary


  Forced choice to one or other position (masculinity/femininity)
• Non-binary


  View that there are multiple possible outcomes rather than a fixed two
• Gender Fluid


  Taking the view that gender is not fixed but can change throughout life
• Gender Dysphoria


  A condition where a person feels their biological sex does not match their gender
• Transgender


  Moving from one gender identity to another
• Adrogyny


  displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
• Sex role stereotyping


  A set of shared expectations that people within a culture or society hold about what is acceptable or usual behaviour (male/female)