SCI rev

• Biomolecules


  Molecules produced by living organisms
• Building Blocks of Biomolecules


  • Monosaccharides
• Biomolecules

  • Include large macromolecules; proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acid
• Four Main Types of Biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Lipids
• Carbohydrates


  The most abundant class of molecules and the chief source of energy of all living organisms
• Carbohydrates


  • Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Groups of Carbohydrates


  • Sugar, starch, and cellulose
• Classifications of Carbohydrates


  • Monosaccharides
  • Disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides


  The only sugars that can be absorbed and utilized by the body
• Common Monosaccharides


  • Glucose (blood sugar)
  • Fructose (fruit sugar)
  • Galactose (found in milk with glucose)

  
• Glucose


  Found in the bloodstream and provides the immediate source of energy of the body's cell and tissues
• Fructose


  The sweetest among all sugars and are likely to be found in fruits and nectar
• Galactose


  Produced in the body through the digestion of a disaccharide lactose

  
• Disaccharides


  Contains two monosaccharides units bound together by a covalent bond

  
• Disaccharides

  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
  • Lactose
• Sucrose


  "Table Sugar" composed of one molecule of each of the two monosaccharides D-glucose and D-fructose
• Maltose


  Malt Sugar
• Lactose


  Milk Sugar
• Polysaccharides

  Carbohydrates that contain ten monosaccharides units or more
• Common Polysaccharides

  • Glycogen
  • Starch
  • Cellulose
• Glycogen

  Stored in animals and is used for energy storage in plants
• Starch

  The stored carbohydrates in plants and is also used for energy storage in plants
• Cellulose

  A major component of the plant's cell wall, it gives us fibers
• Two Types of Polysaccharides

  • Homopolysaccharides
  • Heteropolysaccharides
• Homopolysaccharides


  Formed by the same type of monosaccharide
• Heteropolysaccharide

  • Formed by the different types of monosaccharides. Example: Glycos-amines and Peptidoglycans
•  Carbohydrates in the Human Body 


  It has one basic role in our body; it is to supply energy.
• Carbohydrates in the Human Body 

  • Our body uses monosaccharides. 
  • Disaccharides and polysaccharides should be broken down first before we can use them. 
• Carbohydrates is being absorbed in the body through digestion. 
• • An enzyme (ptyalin) is present in our saliva mixes with the food and converts glycogen and starch to maltose.
• Carbohydrates continues to the stomach where acids like Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) is secreted by proteins. 
• • Hydrochloric Acid (HCI)


  These acids and acids of fruits such as oranges, lemons, and pineapples can destroy the only starch-splitting enzyme, ptyalin.
• Carbohydrates Is acted upon by an enzyme (pancreatic amylase) where it converts the starches and sugar to disaccharides and maltose, sucrose, and lactose. They have to be converted first into monosaccharides.
• Bio - life 
• Molecules 


  combination of 2 or more atoms
• DISACCHARIDES


  Contains two monosaccharides units bound together by a covalent bond.
• Glycosidic Linkage


  connects a carbohydrate sugar to another group which might be sugar or not. 
• Glycosidic Linkage

  Examples: Sucrose, Maltose, and Lactose. = C6H22O11
• Sucrose “Table Sugar”
• • Chitin 


  forms the exoskeleton of certain insects and crustaceans.