Development Dynamics

• Development


  The idea of improving people's quality of life
• Aspects of development


  • Economic development
  • Social development
  • Political development
• Economic measures of development

  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
  • Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
• Social measures of development

  • Gender Inequality Index
  • Human Development Index (HDI)
• Political measures of development

  • Political Freedom
  • Corruption Perception Index
• Developed country


  A country with a very high human development
• Emerging country


  A country with a medium/high human development
• Developing country


  A country with a low human development
• The map shows a clear divide between developed and developing countries, known as the development gap
• Demographic data differences between countries at different development levels

  • Birth rate per 1000
  • Death rate per 1000
  • Total fertility rate (no. of children)
  • Infant mortality per 1000 births
  • Maternal mortality per 100,000 births
  • Replacement level
  • Female literacy rate
• Population pyramid


  Demographic indicator showing population structure changes as a country develops
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

  1. Shows birth, death rates and natural increase

  2. Where birth rate is higher than death rate, population increases

  3. Where death rate is higher than birth rate, population decreases

  4. The greater the difference, the greater the rate of natural increase
• Causes of global differences in wealth

  • Economic and political policies
  • Physical environment
  • History - Colonialism
  • Social investment
• Consequences of inequality


  • Cycle of poverty
  • Growth of megacities
  • Squatter settlements/slums
  • Deprivation
  • Environmental degradation
  • Social and political unrest
• Capitalist view


  Economist system which relies on the market to distribute land, labour and capital
• Socialist view


  System in which the main sectors of the economy are owned and controlled by the government rather than by individual people and companies
• Rostow's Modernisation Theory


  • Countries follow a path of development that they have to follow
  • Capitalism is fundamental to economic development
• Frank's Dependency Theory


  • Some countries are poor because of their past relationships with other countries
  • Colonialism was a major cause of poverty in developing countries
  • Developed countries had become rich at the expense of developing countries
• Approaches to development


  • Top-Down Schemes
  • Bottom-Up Schemes
• Top-Down Schemes


  Use large scale technology, occur through governments and TNCs, limited involvement of local people, unsustainable in the long-term
• Bottom-Up Schemes


  Use more basic (intermediate) technology, aims to directly benefit local communities, planned and supported by local people, sustainable in the long-term
• Actors involved in development

  • National government
  • External groups (e.g. World Bank, TNCs)
  • Local people
  • Local communities
  • Outside agencies (e.g. NGOs)
• Ways to tackle development

  • Aid (NGO-led)
  • Fairtrade
  • Debt relief
  • FDI by TNCs
  • Remittances
• Aid


  Give money in the form of Grants or loans at below market rate
• Fairtrade


  Farmers/producers in developing countries given a fairer deal by buyers in developed countries
• Debt relief


  When a countries debt is reduced or cancelled
• FDI by TNCs


  TNCs invest money in a country's trade to try and increase it
• Remittances


  International migrants send money back to their families in their 'home country'
• Globalisation allows countries to connect with each other and sell goods and services
• There are many different approaches to development including NGO-led, intermediate technology, and Inter-governmental organisation - often funded by TNCs