Challenges of an Urbanising World

• 5 megacities around the world

  • Tokyo
  • Mumbai
  • Shanghai
  • Delhi
  • Sao Paolo
  • Dhaka
  • Buenos Aires
  • New York
• 4 Pull Factors that can attract people to larger cities

  • Better healthcare
  • Better education
  • Better housing
  • Less crime
  • More jobs
  • Higher level of disposable income
• 3 challenges facing Mumbai

  • Housing shortages
  • Waste disposal
  • Safe, clean water supply
  • Air pollution
  • Congestion
  • Traffic
• 2 main types of economy in developing countries

  • Informal economy
  • Formal economy
• 1 bottom up and 1 top down approach used in Mumbai

  • Bottom up approach: 'LSS- Lok Seva Sangam'
  • Top down approach: 'Vision Mumbai'
• Where is now urbanising fastest? The developing world: cities in Africa and Asia.
• Natural increase: The birth rate is higher than the death rate- so the population is increasing.
• 3 world cities are London, New York and Paris.
• The inner city: Terraced houses in a grid like pattern. Used to be factories here but many have closed down. Still industrial areas found.
• CBD (Central Business District)


  Commercial land use- shops and offices
• Formal economy


  • Regular pay, set hours, a boss, health and safety protection, unions
• Urban Primary


  A city which is more important and have a bigger influence than their size suggests
• 2 main factors causing megacity growth

  • Natural increase
  • Rural-urban migration
• World city


  A city with global influence- it trades and invests globally. It has a major role in world affairs
• 4 factors affecting land use

  • Accessibility
  • Availability
  • Cost of land
  • Planning Regulations
• Counter-urbanisation


  The movement of people out of the city to smaller rural / smaller urban settlements
• 4 sectors of the economy

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Rural-urban migration


  The movement of people from the countryside to cities
• Rural-urban fringe


  The area where the town or city meets the countryside
• Suburbs


  Found beyond the inner city
• How many people live in a megacity? More than 10 million
• Primary Sector


  Agriculture- extracting the raw materials (e.g. farming, fishing, mining)
• Secondary Sector


  Manufacturing processing the raw material into a product. (e.g garment factory worker)
• Tertiary Sector


  Selling the product or providing a service. (e.g teacher, waitress, retail assistants)
• Quaternary Sector


  High skilled and high paid jobs, often niche (unique) roles. (astro-physicist, heart surgeon)
• Urbanisation


  The increase in % of people living in towns and cities, causing them to grow
• Suburbanisation


  The outward spread of a built up area, often at a lower density compared with the older parts of the town
• De-industrialisation


  The movement of people, factories, offices and shops away from city centres to suburban and edge of city locations
• Counter-urbanisation


  The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller settlements and rural areas located beyond the city or to more distant towns and cities
• Regeneration


  Reviving the economy or environment of a rundown area
• Land use in Cities

  • Commercial
  • Industrial
  • Residential
• Factors influencing land use

  • Accessibility
  • Cost of land
  • Planning decisions
  • Availability
• Primate city


  The largest city in its country, province, state or region
• Impacts of international migration on urbanisation

  • High rates of unemployment
  • High rates in the primary sector
• Factors influencing migration


  • Push factors
  • Pull factors
• Formal employment


  • Regular pay, set hours, a boss, health and safety protection, unions
• Economies in developing countries

  • High rates of unemployment, high rates in the primary sector
• Clarke-Fisher model


  Identifies the stages of economic development
• Factors influencing land use in a city

  • Accessibility
  • Availability
  • Cost
  • Planning regulations
• Land use in the CBD and Inner city