Living organisms

• Plants

  • They are multicellular
  • contains chloroplasts that carry out photosynthesis
  • has cellulose cell walls
  • store carbohydrates as starch and sucrose
  • examples : maize, pease and beans
• Animals

  • They are multi cellular
  • doesnt contain chloroplasts
  • doesnt have cell walls
  • examples: mammals and insects
• fungi

  • dont do photosynthesis
  • body organised into a mycelium made from hyphae
  • hyphae contains many nuclei
  • cell walls made from chitin
  • feed by saprotrophic nutrition
  • stores carbohydrates as glycogen
  • examples: mucor
• bacteria

  • microscopic single celled organisms
  • they have cell walls, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids
  • has a circular chromosome of DNA
  • some do photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms
  • examples: pneumonococcus
• Protoctists

  • microscopic single celler organisms
  • features like animal cell (amoeba)
  • features like plant cell (chlorella)
  • some are pathogens (plasmodium)
• Viruses

  • smaller than bacteria
  • is parasitic so can only reproduce inside living cells
  • infects every type of living organism
  • doesnt have a cellular structure
  • has a protein coat and one type of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA)
  • example: tobacco mosaic virus, HIV, influenza
• Organelle


  Part of the cell
• Cell membrane


  Closes the cell and acts as a barrier. controls what leaves and enters the cell (partially permeable)
• Cytoplasm


  Chemical processes take place here (anaerobic respiration)
• Nucleus


  Contains genetic information. Controls the functions of the cell
• Ribosomes


  produce protein (protein synthesis) and is located in the cytoplasm
• Mitochondria


  Uses aerobic respiration to make energy
• Cell wall


  Strengthens and supports the cell
• Chloroplasts 


  Does photosynthesis and contains chlorophyll + produces glucose
• Vacuole


  Contains cell sap and holds dissolved chemicals
• Sporangium


  Spors released into the air
• eukaryotic features

  Eukaryotic cells have the nucleus enclosed within the nuclear membrane.Eukaryotic cells are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
• prokaryotic features

  Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. All prokaryotic cells are encased by a cell wall.
• pathogen

  A pathogen is any organism that causes disease. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are all examples of pathogens.
• examples of pathogens

  fungi - candida

  bacteria - salmonella

  virus - AIDS

  protoctists -plasmodium
• cell differentiation - why is it important in specialised cells

  Differentiated cells are important in a multicellular organism because they are able to perform a specialised function in the body. However, specialisation comes at a cost. The cost is that the differentiated cells often lose the ability to make new copies of themselves.