REVIEW

• Creativity


  An important part of innovation
• Abstractions


  Minimize extra details so that you can focus on the pertinent information. It helps manage complexity.
• Data/Information


  Data and information are the input for computing and we use computation to translate raw data into consumable information
• Algorithms


  Used to develop solutions to computational problems
• Programming


  Programming and the creation of software enables problem-solving and is directly related to creating algorithms
• The Internet


  Has a heavy effect on society and it is important to understand how it is built and functions. This is important when analyzing concerns such as cybersecurity
• Global Impact


  Computation has changed the way in which we communicate and problem solve
• The Internet


  A group of computers and servers that are connected
• Binary


  A way of representing information using only two options
• Bit


  A contraction of "Binary Digit"; the single unit of information in a computer, typically represented as a 0 or 1
• Bandwidth


  Transmission capacity measure by the bit rate
• Bit rate


  The number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. e.g. 8 bits/sec.
• Latency


  Time it takes for a bit to travel from its sender to its receiver
• Prototype


  An original model on which later versions are patterned
• Innovation


  Something new, a change; the act of introducing a new method, idea, device, etc.
• Protocol


  A set of rules governing the exchange or transmission of data between devices
• Abstraction


  A simplified representation of something more complex
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

  The universally recognized raw text format that any computer can understand
• IP Address


  A number assigned to any item that is connected to the Internet
• Packets


  Small chunks of information that have been carefully formed from larger chunks of information
• Network Redundancy


  Having multiple backups to ensure reliability during cases of high usage or failure
• Router


  A type of computer that forwards data across a network
• DNS (Domain Name System)

  This system translates domain names (like example.com) to IP addresses (like 93.184.216.34)
• IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

  Develops and promotes voluntary Internet standards and protocols, in particular the standards that comprise the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP)
• Request for Comments


  How standards and protocols are defined and published for all to see on the IETF website
• HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)


  The protocol used for transmitting web pages over the Internet
• TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)


  Provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of packets on the internet. TCP is tightly linked with IP and usually seen as TCP/IP in writing
• URL (uniform resource locator)


  An easy-to-remember address for calling a web page like www.code.org
• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)


  Standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web server and a browser
• SSL Certificate


  To create an SSL certificate, a web server requires an SSL certificate that may be obtained from a Certification Authority (CA)
• TLS (Transport Layer Security)


  A cryptographic protocol that provides end-to-end communication security over networks and is widely used for internet connections and online transactions. IETF standard to prevent tampering and message forgery and the successor to SSL
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)


  High-level protocol for formatting and sending email messages between mail servers
• POP (Post Office Protocol)


  IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are used to retrieve emails on the server's side
• HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)


  A computer code used to tell a web page how to look
• Net Neutrality


  The principle that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by Internet Service Providers
• How the internet works

  1. The internet works a lot like a postal service that ships binary information

  2. Binary information is made of bits - any pair of opposites (like on or off, or yes or no)

  3. Bits are sent in three ways- light, electricity, and wirelessly
• Binary


  A system of counting that has 2 bases unlike the decimal system that is used commonly that has 10 bases
• Reading binary


  1. Binary is an on or off system which means that a bit is either on or off

  2. Binary is calculated from left to right and each digit is 2 to the power of n (the number of spaces to the left)

  3. Disregard all digits with a 0 since they are "off"

  4. Add all the numbers together
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

  Written using binary with 8 bits or a byte representing an ASCII character
• How information travels


  1. All information to be sent over the internet is cut into smaller packets. They are numbered keep the order of the information

  2. Information is sent over the internet in these smaller packages

  3. Information used to reconstruct the file is on the outside of the packages. (sender, receiver, source file, packet number)

  4. Packets travel on their own through different routers trying to find the fastest path always. Having extra routers for this purpose is called network redundancy. This makes the system more fault-tolerant

  5. TCP/IP process the packet by extracting and merging it's inside data with the data from the other packets from the same file, in the correct order, in order to rebuild the file from its packets

  6. If there is missing/ incorrect data, TCP/IP from this computer will send a message to TCP/IP on the sender computer, asking to resend a particular packet