Italian Unification

• Prefects


  Appointees, mostly from Piedmont, who had widespread administrative powers - over law and order, local councils, press censorship and the conduct of elections - in the 60 provinces into which Italy was divided
• Piedmontisation


  The forcing of the rest of Italy to adopt the laws and customs of Piedmont
• System of local administration

  • Local prefects appointed by the monarch (and later the minister of the interior)
  • Local mayors answerable to the local prefect, rather than the electorate
• Syllabus of Errors


  Controversial document published by Pope Pius IX in 1864, which condemned progress, liberalism and modern civilisation
• Doctrine of Papal Infallibility

  Decreed that the Pope's spiritual judgement on matters of faith and morals could not be challenged as he was the supreme judge of truth for the Catholic Church
• Pope Pius IX excommunicated Victor Emmanuel and the entire Italian government
• Pope Pius IX announced that any Catholics who took part in Italian politics or worked for the new secular state would be excommunicated
• The disorderly crowd of whorish women who were also armed and carrying sacks was an ominous and evil sign of impending pillage
• Bedouin


  A desert-dwelling Arabian ethnic group
• The level of taxation was decided not by parliament but by the king alone, and unfortunately his main interest was in making war, the most expensive activity any country can indulge in.
• The majority of Italians, men as well as women, must have wondered what was so wonderful about a self-governing and united Italy, as their lot remained arduous and poverty stricken.

  
• Summary diagram: The Kingdom of Italy 1861-70


  • Single army and navy
  • Local prefects
  • Uniformity
  • Single legal code
  • Limited franchise: 2% could vote
  • Economic problems
  • Papal problems
  • Syllabus of Errors 1864
  • Papal infallibility 1870
  • Victor Emmanuel II
  • Kingdom of Italy (Piedmont's) constitutional monarchy
  • Poverty

  
• unification


  the process of being united or made into a whole.
• reasons it would be difficult for italy to unite

  -lots of independent states

  -independent economies

  -geography

  -language

  -culture

  -political differences
• Risorgimento

  "Renewal, to be born" movement in Italy to recreate a strong, unified Italian nation-state
• what was the position of risorgimento in 1789?

  - acknowledgement that Italians were different from eg french, Austrians

  -people identified with their local regions

  -majority of population were apathetic

  -only a minority could read+write

  -pope was an obstacle
• what was the impact of the french revolution on italy

  -rulers (specifically piedmont) became more reactionary

  - seeds sewn (liberalism)
• why did the french revolution have little impact?


  -majority of the population had no access to revolution (couldnt read) so were apathetic

  -although elites began drafting constitutions nothing ever came of them
• Nationalism

  A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
• Napoleon Bonaparte

  took control of french army in italy and after the war with austria took over most of the penninsula
• what did napoleon do when in control of italy

  - split italy into 3 sections (KofI, KofF, KofN)

  - used italian men for the army

  - higher taxes

  - block british trade

  - said his goal was to unite italy
• Carbonari


  A secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s.
• Adelfi

  anti french society that aimed to destroy austrian rule and create a democratic republic
• Young Italy

  An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country
• aims of young italy

  -to live in an independent nation of free men and equals

  -a union of all italian speaking provinces
• failures of young italy

  1833, army coup detected before it could begin, 12 executed 67 arrested

  1834, planned attack on piedmont was abandoned
• Congress of Vienna

  Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
• Metternich

  Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.
• what happened in piedmont following the CofV

  awarded additional territory because it defended the gateway to austria if france were to attack
• what happened in Naples following the CofV

  ferdinand I forced by british to create a constitution- this is later abolished
• italian reaction to napoleonic italy

  -revolts against the french

  -cardinal ruffo temporarily oast the french

  -francophobia
• positive reactions to napoleonic italy

  growth in profit- merit system

  more equality,freedom,opportunity
• merit system

  A system of public employment in which selection and promotion depend on demonstrated performance rather than political patronage.
• Impact of Congress of Vienna

  -diminished size+power of France

  -Nationalism begins spreading