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Biology
Human breathing
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Cards (28)
Respiratory
system
Located in the
chest
(
thoracic
) cavity
Function is
breathing
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Breathing
Taking in
oxygen
from the air and letting out
carbon dioxide
and water vapour
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Respiration
Release of
energy
from
food
, takes place in the cells of the body
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Lungs (and heart)
Protected by the
ribs
and the
breast
bone
Surrounded by 2 pleural membranes filled with pleural fluid to
lubricate
and
reduce
friction
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Nose and mouth
The human
breathing
system starts here
Breathing in through the
nose
traps dirt,
pollen
and bacteria, and warms and moistens the air
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Epiglottis
Small flap of
cartilage
that stops food from entering the
trachea
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Larynx
Contains the
vocal
cords that
vibrate
to produce sound
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Trachea
Also called the
windpipe
, surrounded by C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent airway collapsing, carries air from nose to
lungs
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Bronchi and bronchioles
Bronchi
carry air from
trachea
into lungs, bronchioles carry air from bronchi to alveoli
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Alveoli
Tiny air-sacs in the lungs where
gas exchange
occurs, have a very
large
total surface area
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Alveoli
Wall and capillaries are only
one
cell thick to aid
diffusion
Surrounded by dense network of
capillaries
Moist
for rapid
diffusion
of gases
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Gas exchange
1.
Oxygen
passes from
alveoli
into capillaries and binds to haemoglobin
2. Carbon dioxide and water pass from
capillaries
into
alveoli
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Breathing
Normal resting rate is
12-18
breaths per minute
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Inhaling
Intercostal muscles contract, diaphragm contracts, chest cavity volume
increases
, air pressure
decreases
, air is sucked in
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Exhaling
Intercostal muscles
relax
, diaphragm relaxes, chest cavity volume
decreases
, air pressure increases, air is forced out
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Inhaled and
exhaled
air have
different
compositions
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Effect of exercise on breathing rate
Fitter people have
slower
resting breathing rate and recover more
quickly
after exercise
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Control of breathing rate
Medulla
oblongata
detects changes in blood
CO2
levels and sends messages to adjust breathing rate
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Asthma
Common breathing disorder with symptoms of coughing,
wheezing
,
breathlessness
and chest tightness
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Cause of
asthma
Narrowing
and inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles, triggered by
allergens
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Asthma prevention and treatment
Removing triggers, using
bronchodilator
inhalers to open
airways
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Smoking
affects many parts of the body and can lead to serious diseases like
cancer
, emphysema and heart disease
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Substances in cigarette smoke
Nicotine
(addictive),
tar
(carcinogenic), carbon monoxide (toxic)
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Respiratory diseases
Asthma
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Emphysema
Cystic Fibrosis
Lung Cancer
Tuberculosis
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Bronchitis
Inflammation of
bronchiole
tubes, causes
coughing
, difficulty breathing and heavy chest
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Pneumonia
Inflammation of lungs due to infection, alveoli fill with fluid making it
difficult
to
breathe
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Emphysema
Chronic breathlessness caused by breakdown of
alveoli walls
,
decreasing surface area
for gas exchange
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Cystic Fibrosis
Genetic disorder causing excess
mucus
production that clogs
bronchial
tubes and obstructs breathing
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