FINALS Generated

• Geologic time


  Not easy to grasp mentally because of its magnitude
• The story of the earth is written in the rocks
• FALSE - Jurassic

  • Giant reptiles dominate the earth during cretaceous period
• FALSE - Anthropocene

  It is during the Holocene epoch that man started to disturb the balance of nature
• Ape man appeared and increased in number during the Pliocene epoch
• Planet Earth


  • Only planet in the solar system that has all elements important for our survival
• As man evolved

  They make changes in the environment for comfort, convenience, and development
• Humans


  • Have the greatest influence in every aspect of the Earth on a scale similar to the great forces of nature
  • Its impact will have lasting and maybe irreversible influence affecting systems, environment processes, and biodiversity
• Rocks


  • Where the story of the earth is written
  • Where scientists read records
  • Unfold geologic events and succession of life
• Geological time scale


  • Hierarchical series of smaller chunks of time of the earth's history
  • Marked by extinction of many life forms
• Divisions of the earth's history in descending length of time

  • Eons
  • Eras
  • Periods
  • Epochs
  • Ages
• Rock layers or strata


  Unit of classification of the earth's rock layers and the fossils found within them
• Stratigraphy


  Study of the correlation by examining fossils and the certain organisms that are characteristic of the certain parts of the geologic record
• Holocene


  • Last epoch
  • Last 12,000 years of stable climate since the last ice age during which human civilization developed
  • End of this geologic time due to accelerated carbon emissions and sea level rise, global mass extinction of species, and transformation of land by deforestation and development
• Anthropocene


  • New geologic time after Holocene
  • Unofficial unit of geologic time
  • Term used to describe the most recent period in Earth's history due to the impact of human activity
  • Proposed geologic epoch which centers around humans as primary cause of planetary change
  • Age of the human epoch
• Humans


  Bida sa Anthropocene
• Origin of the word Anthropocene

  • Human for anthropo
  • New for cene
• Paul J Crutzen and Eugene F Stoermer

  Coined the term anthropocene
• Anthropocene


  Cultural concept referring to it as it is not yet a formal geologic time scale
• Potential starting dates for the Anthropocene

  • Megafauna extinction
  • Extensive farming
  • Rice production
  • New-Old World Collision
  • Industrial Revolution
  • Nuclear Weapon detonation
  • Persistent industrial chemicals
• Human activity has pushed extinction rates of animals and plants far above the long-term average
• Human activity has increased levels of climate-warming CO2 in the atmosphere at the fastest rate for 66m years, from 280ppm to 400ppm due to fossil fuel burning
• Human activity has put too much plastic in our waterways and oceans that they are now everywhere and will likely leave identifiable fossil records
• Human activity has doubled the nitrogen and phosphorus in our soils due to fertilizer use, likely to have the largest impact on nitrogen cycle in 2.5b years
• Human activity has left a permanent layer of airborne particulates in sediment and glacial ice such as black carbon from fossil fuel burning
• Developed and developing countries analogy


  Since people's lifestyles differ, some people use more resources than others
• Renewable and non-renewable analogy


  Some things can be easily acquired because they are abundant or cheap, while others are difficult to access because it needs more energy to process or are more expensive or rare
• Lithosphere and hydrosphere


  Where resources are usually found
• Raw natural resource


  Food, electricity, and other basic amenities for survival must be produced within the confines of nature
• Use of resources differs in developed and developing countries

  • Developing countries use resources for survival
  • Developed countries use resources more than their needs
• Pollution


  Possible effect in processing raw materials into products that man use
• Ecological footprint


  Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply the people in a particular area or country with resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use
• Per capita ecological footprint

  • Average eco footprint of an individual in a given area
  • Estimate of how much of the earth's renewable resources an individual consumes
• Ecological deficit


  Occurs when the country's total ecological footprint is larger than its biological capacity to replace renewable resources and absorb the resulting waste products and pollution

  
• Humanity's global ecological footprint goes beyond earth's biological capacity by about 25%
• The United States is the country with the 2nd most highest ecological footprint
• If the present use of renewable resources continues, by 2050, people will use twice as many renewable resources the planet can supply
• United States


  • World's second largest per capita ecological footprint
  • 4.5 times the average global footprint per person
  • 12 times the average per capita footprint in the world's low income countries
  • Five more planet earth's will take for the world to reach US levels of consumption
  • Earth's natural capital could only support 1.3 billion instead of 7.8 billion if developing countries consumes as much as an average American
• Living unsustainably


  By depleting and degrading the earth's rare natural capital and the natural renewable income
• Ecological footprint


  • Measures human's consumption of natural resources against the earth's ecological capacity (biocapacity) to regenerate them
  • Also measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes and pollution produced by such resource use