PROCESSING OF XRAY FILM

• sequence of events required to convert the invisible latent image, contained in the sensitized film emulsion or in the solid-state or phosphor layer of the digital sensors, into the visible black and white radiographic film or digital image.

  PROCESSING
• Components of Developing Solution

  Fungicide

  buffer

  water

  Phenidone

  Hydroquinone

  Sodium Sulfite

  Potassium carbonate

  Benzotriazole

  Glutaraldehyde
• PREVENTS FUNGAL GROWTH


  Fungicide
• MAINTAINS PH


  Buffer
• SOLVENT


  water
• HELPS BRING OUT THE IMAGE

  Phenidone
• BUILDS CONTRAST


  Hydroquinone
• PRESERVATIVE - REDUCES OXIDATION

  Sodium sulfite
• Activator


  Potassium carbonate
• Restrainer


  Benzotriazole
• Hardens the emulsion


  Glutaraldehyde
• Components of Fixing solution

  Ammonium thiosulphate

  Sodium Sulfite

  Aluminum Chloride

  Acetic acid

  Water
• REMOVES UNSENSITIZED SILVER HALIDE CRYSTALS

  Ammonium thiosulphate
• HARDENER


  Aluminum Chloride
• ACIDIFIER


  Acetic acid
• One of the most important requirements is that the darkroom be lightproof.
• The processing room should have both white illumination and safelighting.
• To minimize the fogging effect of prolonged exposure, the safelight should have a frosted 15-watt bulb or a clear 7.5-watt bulb and should be mounted at least 4 feet above the surface where opened films are handled.
• It is wise for dental offices to have the capability to develop film by tank processing, if only as a backup for an automatic processor or digital imaging system.
• The higher the temperature the faster the development Time
• 68 degrees-5 minutes
• 70 degrees-4 1/2 minutes
• 72 degrees- 4 minutes
• 76 degrees-3 minutes
• 80 degrees- 2 1/2 minutes
• The temperature of the developing, Fixing, and washing solutions should be closely controlled
• The x-ray film must be exposed to the processing chemicals for specific intervals
• Two or three drying racks can be mounted on a convenient wall for film hangers.
• MANUAL PROCESSING PROCEDURE


  Replenish solutions

  Stir solutions

  Mount films on hangers

  Set timer

  Develop

  Rinse

  Fix

  Wash

  Dry
• The overall film density depends on the

  number of photons absorbed by the film emulsion

  Exposure
• The thicker the subject, the more the beam is attenuated, and the lighter the resultant image


  SUBJECT THICKNESS
• The greater the density of a structure within the subject, the greater the attenuation of the x-ray beam directed through that subject or area

  SUBJECT DENSITY
• It is defined as the difference in densities between light and dark regions on a radiograph

  RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST
• it is the range of characteristic of the subject that influences radiographic contrast.

  SUBJECT CONTRAST
• describes the inherent capacity of radiographic films to display differences in subject contrast that is, variations in the intensity of the remnant beam.

  FILM CONTRAST
• High kVp= long scale

  Contrast; low contrast
• low kVp=short scale

  contrast; high contrast
• refers to the amount of radiation required to produce an image of a standard density

  RADIOGRAPHIC SPEED
• a measure of the range of exposures that can be recorded as distinguishable densities on a film.

  FILM LATITUDE
• is the appearance of uneven density of a uniformly exposed radiographic film

  RADIOGRAPHIC NOISE