[11] UCSP - Becoming a Member of Society

• Enculturation/Socialization - the lifelong process of experiencing, learning, imbibing, and transmitting culture; linked with forming identities, learning norms/values, and social roles; shapes our membership in society
• Identity Formation/Development - a stage in the adolescent life cycle; "trying on" different behaviors and appearances to discover who we are
• Developing and maintaining identity is a difficult task due to multiple factors such as family life, environment, and social status
• Different Areas of Identity Development

  • Religious Identity
  • Political Identity
  • Vocatiinal Identity
  • Ethnic Identity
  • Gender Identity
• Norms - rules and expectations that guide the individual's behavior in society
• Values - refer to a society's defined set of what is good and desirable
• Lau and Chan (2021) - defined values as standards or ideas with which we evaluate actions, people, things or situations
• Moral Values - help determine what is morally right or wrong
• The Preamble of the 1987 Philippine Constitution - includes the moral values as basis of the Filipino's nation-building endeavor
• Consequences - if you ignore rules
• Status - one's social position in society
• Roles - a member who has a status must fulfill this in society
• Conformity - type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in with a group
• Agents of Socialization - contribute in shaping the social expectations

  • Family
  • State
  • Education
  • Peers
  • Media
• 3 Types of Conformity

  • Compliance/group acceptance
  • Internalization (acceptance of group norms)
  • Identification or group membership
• Reasons for Conformity (According to Williams, 2012)

  • informational influence
  • to avoid punishments and gain rewards
  • risk of disapproval from other group members
  • lack of alternatives
  • fear of disrupting the group's operations
  • absence of communication
  • no feeling of responsibility for group outcomes
  • powerlessness
• Deviance - rule-breaking behavior which fails to conform to the norms and expectations of a particular society or social group; closely related to the concept of crime
• Criminal behavior is usually deviant, but not all deviant behavior is criminal.
• Social Control - a tool used by societal groups to maintain order and ensure that their collectives will is being followed by members; process whereby society seeks to ensure conformity to the dominant values and norms in that society; can be either informal or formal
• Social Ostracism - society's rejection of an individual because of their actions which runs against social norms; compels peoole to conform with rather than to deviate
• Forms of Deviance

  • Ritualism
  • Retreatism
  • Rebellion
  • Innovation
• Robert K. Merton - considered a foundational character in the development of modern sociology; developed social strain theory including the five modes of adaptation
• Social Strain Theory - 1938
• Innovation - willing acceptance of a society's standards of success and what good goals are, but pursuing them by anything other than standard means
• Ritualism - adopts typical practices and means of getting to goals but does so without having any aspirations toward those goals
• Retreatism - tendency of some people to withdraw from a society of which they are a part, rejecting both the goals and the means of achieving those goals
• Rebellion - rejection of both the goals and means typical to a society, but they do not withdraw; instead, the rebels replace the goals and the path they take to get to those goals with their own set of truth