FIANL FINAL

• • TRUE

  Geologic time is not easy to grasp mentally because of its magnitude.
• • TRUE

  The story of the earth is written in the rocks.
• • FALSE-Jurassic

  Giant reptiles dominate the earth during cretaceous period
• • FALSE-Anthropocene

  It is during the Holocene epoch that man started to disturb the balance of nature.
• • TRUE

  Ape man appeared and increased in number during the Pliocene epoch.
• • Planet Earth
  • Only planet  in the solar system that has all elements important for our survival
• • Humans
  • Have the greatest influence in every aspect of the Earth on a scale similar to the great forces of nature
  • Its impact will have lasting and maybe irreversible influence affecting
• • Rocks
  • Where the story of the earth is written
  • Where scientists read records
  • Unfold geologic events and succession of life
• • Geological time scale
  • Hierarchical series of smaller chunks of time of the earth’s history
  • Marked by extinction of many life forms
• • Eons, eras, periods, epochs, ages
  • Divisions of the earth's history in descending length of time
• • Rock layers or strata
  • Unit of classification of the earth’s rock layers and the fossils found within them
• • Stratigraphy
  • Study of the correlation 
  • Examining fossils and the certain organisms that are characteristic of the certain parts of the geologic record
• • Holocene
  • Last epoch
  • Last 12,000 years of stable climate since the last ice age during which human civilization developed
  • End of this geologic time due to 
  • accelerated carbon emissions and sea level rise
  • Global mass extinction of species
  • Transformation of land by deforestation and development
• • Anthropocene
  • New geologic time after Holocene
• • Anthropocene Epoch
  • Unofficial unit of geologic time
  • Term used to describe the most recent period in Earth’s history due to the impact of human activity
  • Proposed geologic epoch which centers around humans as primary cause of planetary change
  • Age of the human epoch
• • Origin of the word
  • Human for anthropo
  • New for cene
• • Paul J Crutzen and Eugene F Stoermer
  • Coined the term anthropocene
• • Cultural concept
  • Referring to Anthropocene as it is not yet a formal geologic time scale
• • Evidences of Anthropocene (Human activity has:)
  • Pushed extinction rates of animals and plants far above the long-term average 
  • Increased levels of climate-warming CO2 in the atmosphere at the fastest rate for 66m years
  • Put too much plastic in our waterways and oceans that they are now everywhere and will likely leave identifiable fossil records
  • Doubled the nitrogen and phosphorus in our soils due to fertilizer use
  • Left a permanent layer of airborne particulates in sediment and glacial ice such as black carbon from fossil fuel burning
• Fossil fuel burning pushing levels from 280ppm to 400ppm
• • Developed and developing countries analogy
  • Since people’s lifestyles differ, ome people use more resources than others. 
• • Renewable and non-renewable analogy
  • Some things can be easily acquired because they are abundant or cheap, while others are difficult to access because it needs more energy to process or are more expensive or rare
• • Lithosphere and hydrosphere
  • Where resources are usually found
• • Raw natural resource
  • Food, electricity, and other basic amenities for survival must be produced within the confines of nature
• • Developing countries use resources for survival
• • Developed countries use resources more than their needs
• • Pollution
  • Possible effect in processing raw materials into products that man use
• • Ecological footprint 
  • Amount of biologically productive land and water needed to supply the people in a particular area or country with resources and to absorb and recycle the wastes and pollution produced by such resource use
• • Per capita ecological footprint
  • average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area.
• • Ecological deficit
  • Occurs when the country’s total ecological footprint is larger than its biological capacity to replace renewable resources and absorb the resulting waste products and pollution.
• • Humanity’s global ecological footprint
  • Go beyond earth’s biological capacity by about 25%
• • United States
  • world’s second largest per capita ecological footprint
• • Living unsustainably
  • By depleting and degrading the earth’s rare natural capital and the natural renewable income
• • Ecological footprint
  • Measures human’s consumption of natural resources against the earth’s ecological capacity (biocapacity) to regenerate them.
• • Earth Overshoot Day
  • a day on which we exhaust our ecological budget for the rest of that year
• • Climate change
  • Most obvious and pressing result of ecological overshoot
  • Producing carbon excess to what can be reabsorbed by the forests and seas
• • 1.5 planets worth of resources
  • Accdg to Global Footprint Network, it takes the Earth one year and five months to regenerate what we use in one year
• • A country’s footprint
  • Sum of all the cropland, grazing land, forest and fishing grounds required to produce food, fibre, and timber it consumes, to absorb the wastes emitted when it uses energy and to provide space for infrastructure.
• • Footprint standards
  • Standard used in comparing a country’s, city’s, or region’s footprints.
• • op three highest ecological footprint per head
  • Qatar
  • Kuwait
  • UAE