GAD101

• Gender socialization


  The process through which children develop gender-related beliefs and expectations through observations and interactions with people around them
• Agent of gender socialization


  Any person or group that plays a role in the childhood gender socialization process
• Gender socialization is a lifelong process
• The beliefs about gender that we acquire in childhood can affect us throughout our lives
• The impact of gender socialization can be big (shaping what we believe we are capable of accomplishing and thus potentially determining our life's course), small (influencing the color we choose for our bedroom walls), or somewhat in the middle
• As adults, our beliefs about gender may have grown more nuanced and flexible, but gender socialization can still affect our behavior, whether in school, the workplace, or our relationships
• Family


  • Parents are typically a child's first source of information about gender
  • Starting at birth, parents communicate different expectations to their children depending on their sex
  • A son may engage in more roughhousing with his father, while a mother takes her daughter shopping
  • The child may learn from their parents that certain activities or toys correspond with a particular gender
  • Even parents who emphasize gender equality may inadvertently reinforce some stereotypes due to their own gender socialization
• Mass Media


  • Media, including movies, TV, and books, teaches children about what it means to be a boy or a girl
  • Media conveys information about the role of gender in people's lives and can reinforce gender stereotypes
  • An animated film that depicts two female characters: a beautiful but passive heroine, and an ugly but active villain reinforces ideas about which behaviors are acceptable and valued
• School


  • Model gender roles and sometimes demonstrate gender stereotypes by responding to male and female students in different ways
  • Separating students by gender for activities or disciplining students differently depending on their gender may reinforce children's developing beliefs and assumptions
• Workplace


  • Organizational cultures shape and reinforce socially appropriate roles for men and women
  • Drawing on a performativity framework, which assumes that gender is socially constructed through gendered "performances"
• Peer Group


  • Peer interactions contribute to gender socialization
  • Children tend to play with same-gender peers
  • Through these interactions, they learn what their peers expect of them as boys or girls
  • These lessons may be direct, such as when a peer tells the child that a certain behavior is or is not "appropriate" for their gender
  • They can also be indirect, as the child observes same-and other- gendered peers' behavior over time
  • These comments and comparisons may become less overt over time, but adults continue to turn to same-gendered peers for information about how they are supposed to look and act as a man or a woman
• Religion


  • Many religious institutions uphold gender norms and contribute to their enforcement through socialization
  • From ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit to power dynamics that reinforce gender roles, organized religion fosters a shared set of socialized values that are passed on through society
• The State


  • Governs the people and sets laws that dictate what is and what is not, what should and should not be
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  A set of 17 goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which is a global call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • Cover a range of issues related to social, economic, and environmental sustainability, including poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry, innovation and infrastructure, reduced inequalities, sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below water, life on land, peace, justice, and strong institutions, and partnerships for the goals
• SDG 5


  Aims to "achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls" and includes a set of targets to be achieved by 2030
• Targets of SDG 5

  • End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
  • Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public and private spheres
  • Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic, and public life
  • Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights
  • Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms of property, financial services, inheritance, and natural resources
  • Enhance the use of enabling technology to promote the empowerment of women
  • Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls at all levels
• SDG 5 recognizes the importance of achieving gender equality not only as a matter of human rights but also as a key driver of sustainable development
• Gender equality


  The idea that all individuals, regardless of their gender, should have the same rights, opportunities, and treatment
• Gender equity


  The idea that individuals should be treated fairly and justly, taking into account their unique needs and circumstances
• Gender equality


  Aims to eliminate discrimination and create a level playing field
• Gender equity


  Seeks to promote fairness and justice by addressing systemic barriers and providing targeted support to those who need it most
• Both gender equality and gender equity are important for achieving gender justice and promoting social and economic development
• Examples of gender equality


  • Equal pay for equal work
  • Equal access to education
  • Equal employment opportunities
  • Equal political participation
• Examples of gender equality

  • Equal access to healthcare
  • Equal sharing of family responsibilities
  • Equal representation in media and advertising
• Examples of gender equity

  • Maternity and paternity leave
  • Flexible work arrangements
  • Access to childcare
  • Training and mentoring
  • Access to finance and credit
  • Access to targeted healthcare services
  • Addressing gender-based violence
• Gender inequality


  The unequal treatment and opportunities that individuals face because of their gender, which is a systemic problem that affects individuals, communities, and societies
• Forms of gender inequality

  • Economic inequality
  • Political inequality
  • Social inequality
  • Cultural inequality
  • Legal inequality
• Gender inequality has serious consequences for individuals, families, and societies, including limiting opportunities for women and girls, perpetuating poverty and underdevelopment, and exacerbating health disparities
• Achieving gender equality requires addressing the root causes of gender inequality and creating a society where all individuals have the same opportunities and rights, regardless of their gender
• Gender inequality in the Philippines

  • Economic inequality: Women earn only 83% of what men earn for doing the same job, and are more likely to work in informal and low-paying jobs
  • Political inequality: Women are significantly underrepresented in politics, holding only 29% of congressional seats and 18% of mayoral positions
  • Gender-based violence: High rates of sexual harassment, domestic violence, and rape
  • Reproductive health: Maternal mortality rate of 121 deaths per 100,000 live births
  • Education: Girls are more likely to drop out of school than boys, and face economic and cultural barriers to higher education