Internal respiration

• What is internal environment needed for?

  life and metalism
• What is the internal environment of blood plasma?

  Interstitial fluid
• how are gases carried?

  red blood cells (haemoglobin)
• what are the type haemoglobin?

  fetal, Adult A, Adult A2
• what affects haemoglobin levels?

  Sex, females have lower iron level due to menstraution
• What is the structure of Haemoglobin?

  Tetramer globin polypeptide chain: alpha like chain and pair of beta like chains
• What is the saturation of Hb?

  relates to number of O2 molecules bound
• PO2 = 100%

  104mmHg
• what does a low temp do to the dissociation curve?

  Low to left, High to right
• low partial pressure = low affinity of oxygen
• shift left increased affinity for oxygen
• What happens when blood PCO2 is high?

  affinity of HB for oxygen falls
• What occurs there is a increase H+ to haemoglobin?

  Oxygen affinity decreases
• How does blood acidity affect haemoglobin?

  ketoacidosis
• How is blood transfered from blood to muscles?

  Oxygen binds to myoglobin
• How to increase affinity of myogoblin?


  excercise
• what do diving creature have?

  higher affinity myoglobin
• where is CO2 carried?

  blood plasma, red blood cells
• what is the name for when CO2 binds too Hb?

  Carbaminohaemoglobin
• which part of rbcs does Co2 react with?

  cytoplasm
• what is the pH range of arterial blood?

  7.35 - 7.45
• what controls blood pH?

  buffers, H+ loss in urine, Breathing out CO2
• why control blood pH?

  • pH can change structures like DNA
  • pH changes can damage enzymes involved in metabolism
  • pH changes the amount of oxygen carried by blood (decrease).
• what is a pH blood buffer?

  Bicarbonate
• How does an increased metabolism mean on pH?

  more carbonic acid therefore decrease in pH
• what detect changes in pH?

  Chemoreceptors
• What does the stimulation of chemoreceptors do?

  send messages to central cardiovascular control centre to change amount of ventilation and heart rate
• what are the peripheral chemoreceptors?

  Carotid and aortic bodies
• what can control breathing influence?

  Voluntary control, useful for communication

  other CNS areas eg emotion
• what is the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex?

  prevents overstretching of alveoli and over-inflation
• when is Hering-Bruer inflation relflex overided?

  normal breathing in infant

  EXTREME excerise in adults
• what are type of stretch receptors?

  • slowly adapting stretch receptors
  • Rapidly adapting stretch receptors
• Do lungs always expand to maximum capacity?

  No, to prevent damage
• what do proprioceptors do?

  muscle sense movement
• what doe irritant receptors?

  Located throughout the airway lungs (can stimulate coughing and sneezing)
• what do stretch receptors do?

  prevent over-inflation of lungs
• what do chemoreceptors do?

  detect changes in pH
• what may metabolic and respiratory disorders do?

  affect acidosis or alkalosis
• what may respiratory disorders do?

  result in change in pH. This can stimulate a change in breathing that will alter CO2 levels
• what may metabolic disorders do?

  slower process as it involves a change in kidney function. Change in pH stimulate an increase in bicarbonate resorption and synthesus in breathing