Cleopatra

• Egyptian ruler, lover of 2 Roman generals, built Egypt up from a country being exploited by the Romans to being rich and powerful


  Cleopatra
• Roman general, lover of Cleopatra, became the first Roman dictator, was assassinated in 44 BC

  Julius Caesar
• Roman general, lover of Cleopatra, part of the second triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus, failed to conquer Parthia, committed suicide


  Mark Antony
• Ptolemy Auletes

  Father of Cleopatra, known as the flute player, gave Egypt financial problems because of his bribing of Roman generals, weak and corrupt ruler
• Part of the first triumvirate, was assassinated by Ptolemy XIII


  Pompey
• Part of the first triumvirate, killed in a war against Parthia


  Crassus
• Part of the second triumvirate, was given Africa


  Lepidus
• Heir to Julius Caesar, part of the second triumvirate, defeated Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, become the 'first citizen' of Rome


  Octavian/Augustus
• Younger brother of Cleopatra, start a civil war with Cleopatra, kills Pompey, drowns in the Nile


  Ptolemy XIII
• Octavian's general during the battle of Actium


  Agrippa
• Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, was killed by Octavian


  Caesarion
• Octavian's sister, 2nd wife of Antony


  Octavia
• 1st wife of Antony, was one of the causes of tension between Octavian and Antony due to her jealousy of Cleopatra

  Fulvia
• In what year did Cleopatra visit Rome and Julius Caesar celebrate his triumph for his victories in Gaul, Egypt, Pontus and Africa?

  46BCE
• Name the prominent Roman politician who wrote of Cleopatra: "I hate the queen."

  Cicero
• In 45BCE Julius Caesar was awarded what title?


  Dictator for Life
• When was Caesar assassinated?

  15 March 44BCE
• Name the 'triumvirs' - the members of the Second Triumvirate, who, in 43BCE, agreed to share the Roman empire between them. Which parts of the empire did each get?


  - Mark Antony - the east

  - Gaius Octavius (Octavian) - the west

  - Marcus Lepidus - Africa
• How did Ptolemy XIV die in 44BCE?

  Of "unknown" causes
• Which former king of Macedonia provides a "parallel life" for Mark Antony in Plutarch's work to show the perils of men in power giving into the temptations of luxury?

  Demetrius
• To which city in Cilicia did Antony summon Cleopatra in 42BCE?


  Tarsus
• According to Plutarch, what did the messenger Dellius think of Cleopatra when he was sent to summon her to Tarsus?


  That she was cunning and witty and would easily be able to manipulate Antony
• What goddess did Cleopatra dress as for her entry into Tarsus?


  Aphrodite
• Which river did Cleopatra sail down to reach Tarsus?


  Cydnus
• Name Mark Antony's wife who died in 40BCE and the woman he married for political reasons in that same year


  - Fulvia

  - Octavia
• What were the terms of the 37BCE Treaty of Tarentum between Antony and Octavian?

  - Extending the triumvirate arrangement for another five years

  - Antony's son was to marry Octavian's daughter

  - Antony was to receive soldiers for a campaign against Parthia

  - Octavian would receive 120 ships from Antony to fight Sextus Pompey
• By what name do we know Antony's gifting of various eastern kingdoms to Cleopatra? In what year did this take place?


  - The Donations of Antioch

  - 36BCE
• By what name do we know the ceremony in which Antony distributed rulership of various kingdoms amongst Cleopatra's children? In what year did this take place?

  - The Donations of Alexandria

  - 34BCE
• Antony celebrated a 'triumph' in Alexandria dressed as what god?

  Dionysus, god of wine
• Name three reasons why the Romans would have taken against Cleopatra


  - She was a foreigner

  - She was royal

  - She was a woman
• In what year did the Roman senate name Cleopatra as a public enemy?


  32BCE
• How does Shakespeare describe Antony?


  "The triple pillar of the world transform'd into a strumpet's fool"
• Name the naval battle fought between Antony, Cleopatra and Octavian and when it took place


  The Battle of Actium, September 31BCE
• Name two additional sources on the Battle of Actium


  - Velleius Paterculus

  - Virgil
• Name two ways Antony appealed to Octavian while awaiting final defeat in Alexandria


  - He asked to be allowed to live as a private citizen in Athens

  - He challenged Octavian to one-on-one combat
• What sign that the gods had abandoned Antony does Plutarch report?

  Sounds of instruments and voices of a procession making its way through the city in the middle of the night
• What prompts Antony to commit suicide?

  He mistakenly believes that Cleopatra has already done so
• What does Paterculus say of Antony's suicide?

  That he "answered the accusations of cowardice by his death"
• What does Plutarch say that Cleopatra said to Octavian when they met following Antony's death?


  She justified her actions by claiming she feared Antony, then claimed she was planning to give all her treasures to Octavian's sister and his wife that they might then entreat Octavian to act mercifully
• What does Cassius Dio say that Cleopatra said to Octavian when they met following Antony's death?

  She appealed to Octavian's love for his adopted father, Julius Caesar, and then said that she wanted to die and be buried next to Antony