O

• Canation


  • 1018
  • 1034
  • $1.00
• The Daily Press


  • OME
  • $1.80
• Polat ber


  • Name of publication
• Selling price


  • Numeric currency
• Frequency


  • Text
• Publisher


  • Text
• Tik (1) the field that would be the opiate primary key for the data

  A
• The newsagent could use a relational database rather than a flat file database


  Advantages of using a relational database:
• Advantages of using a relational database

  • Data is not unnecessarily duplicated
  • Only have to input the data once, therefore it saves time
  • Less memory used in the computer
  • Can avoid redundancy of data
  • Queries and reports can be created using many tables
• Photosynthesis


  The process by which plants make carbohydrates from raw materials using light energy
• Photosynthesis


  1. carbon dioxide

  2. water

  3. glucose
• The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
• Chlorophyll


  The green pigment found in chloroplasts
• Function of chlorophyll


  Absorb/transfer light energy into chemical energy for the formation of glucose carbohydrates
• Uses of carbohydrates made in photosynthesis

  • Starch as an energy source
  • Converted to cellulose to build cell walls
  • Glucose used in respiration to provide energy
  • Converted to sucrose for transport
• Leaves


  • Large surface area
  • Thin to allow efficient gas exchange
• Important ions needed by plants are nitrate ions to make amino acids and proteins, and magnesium ions to make chlorophyll
• Hydrogen is a prime element in group 1 of the periodic table
• Hydrogen is found in the outer shell of atoms
• Chapter 2 Introduction to Organic chemistry
• Organic chemistry


  The study of carbon compounds and their properties
• Organic compounds


  • Carbon compounds that originate in living things
  • The key feature is the covalent bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms
• Carbon atom


  Has 4 valence electrons, so it can share its 4 valence electrons with other atoms to form covalent bonds
• Carbon atom sharing electrons

  • With 4 hydrogen atoms (methane)
  • With 3 chlorine atoms and 1 hydrogen atom (trichloromethane)
  • With other carbon atoms to form a carbon chain or carbon-ring compound (octane, cyclohexane)
  • Forming double and triple bonds
• Homologous series


  A family of organic compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties, and differences in chain length and physical properties
• Examples of homologous series

  • Alkane
  • Alkene
  • Alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid
• Functional group


  A group of atoms that determines the chemical reactions of a compound
• Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain only hydrogen and carbon
• Alkanes


  Hydrocarbons where each carbon forms 4 single bonds
• Naming organic compounds


  • The first part indicates the number of carbon atoms
  • The second part indicates the homologous series
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds
• Alkanes do not decolourise bromine water, so bromine water is used to distinguish them from alkenes
• Alkanes are the main organic compounds found in petroleum and natural gas
• Alkanes with chain lengths between 5 and 17 are liquids, while those with more than 17 are solids
• Alkanes do not dissolve in water but they dissolve in organic liquids such as alcohol and benzene
• Alkanes are generally unreactive because they contain only carbon-carbon single bonds
• Complete combustion of alkanes


  Alkane + excess oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
• Incomplete combustion of alkanes


  Alkane + limited oxygen → carbon monoxide + water
• Petroleum and natural gas were formed from the remains of plants and animals that lived a long time ago
• Formation of petroleum and natural gas

  1. Remains of sea plants and animals settled on the sea bed and were covered with sand and mud

  2. Over millions of years, heat and pressure changed the sand and mud into rock and the remains into hydrocarbons