Science

• Respiratory system


  human breathing system
• Parts of the respiratory system

  • Nose and mouth
  • Nasal cavity or nasal passageways
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
• Exhalation


  1. Carbon dioxide exits the body

  2. Ribs move in, chest space decreases

  3. Diaphragm muscle relaxes, moves up
• Parts of the heart

  • Right atrium
  • Left atrium
  • Right ventricle
  • Left ventricle
  • Tricuspid valve
  • Bicuspid valve
  • Pulmonary valve
  • Aortic valve
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
  • Pulmonary artery
  • Pulmonary vein
  • Aorta
• Circulatory system function


  1. Oxygenated blood enters through superior and inferior vena cava

  2. Enters right atrium, passes through tricuspid valve, pumped by right ventricle, passes through pulmonary valve, goes to lungs

  3. Becomes oxygenated, enters pulmonary vein, received by left atrium, passes through bicuspid valve, pumped by left ventricle, passes through aortic valve, exits to aorta to body
• Respiratory and circulatory systems work together

  Air enters lungs, goes to left side of heart, pumped through body, oxygen processed by cells, carbon dioxide returned to right side of heart, expelled through lungs
• Types of circulation


  • Pulmonary circulation (heart to lungs and back)
  • Coronary circulation (blood flow through heart tissue)
  • Systemic circulation (heart to rest of body excluding lungs)
• Volcano


  Natural opening in the earth's surface where molten rocks, smoke, gases and ashes are ejected
• Volcano


  • Mayon volcano in the Philippines
• Volcano


  • Has three basic parts: base, slope, and summit where the crater or opening is located
• Crater


  Funnel shaped depression at the top of a volcano formed as a result of explosive eruption
• Volcano


  • Volcano in Batangas, Philippines with 47 craters
• Caldera collapse


  Collapse of part of the crater wall following a large volcanic eruption, usually triggered by the emptying of the magma chamber
• Magma


  Hot fluid or semi-fluid material below or within the earth's crust, usually made from molten rocks
• Lava


  Magma that has been ejected out of a volcano, an Italian word meaning 'to slide'
• Types of volcanoes by shape

  • Shield volcano
  • Cinder cone volcano
  • Composite volcano
• Shield volcano


  • Formed by the accumulation of non-viscous lava that can flow freely, broad and slightly domed structure
• Shield volcano


  • Mauna Loa in Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Built from ejected lava fragments, has steep slopes and a wide crater, most abundant type
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Mount Pelee in Mexico
• Composite volcano


  • Large, nearly perfect slope structure formed from the alternating solidification of lava and pyroclastic deposits
• Composite volcano


  • Mayon volcano in the Philippines
• Volcanoes have different types due to the different processes of magma formation at each plate boundary, resulting in different magma compositions
• Shield volcano


  • Mauna Kea in Hawaii
• Cinder cone volcano


  • Mount St. Helens in Washington, USA
• Composite volcano


  • Mount Fuji in Japan
• Types of volcanic eruptions

  • Phreatic (steam-driven)
  • Phreatomagmatic (violent eruption from water-magma interaction)
  • Strombolian (periodic weak to violent lava fountains)
  • Vulcanian (tall eruptions up to 20km high with pyroclastic flows)
  • Plinian (excessively explosive gas and pyroclastic eruptions)
• Phreatic eruption happens when hot rocks come into contact with water, as occurred at Taal Volcano in the Philippines in 2020
• Phreatomagmatic eruption happens when there is an interaction between water and magma, resulting in a violent fine ash eruption
• Volcanoes can also be classified as active (having a record of eruption) or inactive (showing no activity)
• Volcanoes keep the Earth warm and wet, which are critical elements for sustaining life