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• Diffusion


  Movement of substances down a concentration gradient to an area of low concentration (no energy needed)
• Osmosis


  Movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
• Osmosis in cells


  1. High water concentration

  2. Low water concentration

  3. Osmosis

  4. Osmotic pressure
• Protein production


  • DNA codes for sequence of amino acids
  • mRNA moves to ribosomes
  • Amino acids assembled into protein
• Protein functions


  • Structural
  • Enzymes
  • Hormones
  • Antibodies
  • Receptors
• Genetic engineering


  Transfer of genetic material from one organism into another
• Chromosomes


  Thread-like structures found in the nucleus of cells, composed of genes
• Complementary base pairs


  Order of bases responsible for order of amino acids in a protein
• Enzymes


  Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions but remain unchanged
• Enzyme functions


  • Synthesis (build up)
  • Degradation (break down)