Science 4th quarter exam

• The cell cycle - The sequence of growth and division of a cellnThe sequence of growth and division of a cell
• Interphase - is when the cell grows, and the organelles double prior to the actual splitting of the nucleus.
• G1 - is when organelles double.
• S - when DNA is replicated.
• G2 - Proteins needed for Mitosis are produced.
• Mitosis - The process by which the cell nucleus divides into two identical cell nuclei.
• Chromosomes - Must duplicate and separate during Mitosis
• The chromatin is packaged on the chromosome
• Prophase - Chromosomes now called chromatids because they doubled to form short thick rods which pair up and line up in the center of the nucleus.
• A centromere connects the two halves of the doubled chromatids.
• Spindle fiber – a fibrous structure from the cytoplasm which forms to the centriole.
• Metaphase - Centromeres of the chromatid pairs line up in the middle of the cell.
• Metaphase plate - location where the centromeres line up in the center of the cell.
• Anaphase - sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
• Telophase - the nuclear envelope reforms and the chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles
• Cytokinesis - The two identical cells completely divide and the cell membrane is completely formed
• Meiosis - If two body cells were to combine nuclei, the number of chromosomes would double.
• Diploid (2n) - A cell with two of each kind of chromosome.
• Haploid (n)A cell with one of each kind of chromosome.
• Haploid cells are called gametes
• Gametes are either sperm or eggs
• Homologous chromosomes - Are paired chromosomes with genes for the same trait arranged in the same order.
• Allele - gene form for each variation of a trait of an organism.
• Zygote - Fertilized egg which has a diploid number of chromosomes.
• Crossing over - The exchange of genetic material by non-sister chromatids during late prophase I of meiosis. 
• Heredity = the passing on of traits from one generation to the next.
• A trait is a specific characteristic that is unique
• We use a pedigree chart to keep track of how traits are passed on from generation to generation.
• Traits are either Dominant or Recessive
• A dominant trait is a trait that is always expressed, or shown.
• A recessive trait is a trait that is covered up or seems to disappear.
• A gene is a specific location on a chromosome that controls aCertain trait
• The function of the digestive system is digestion, absorption, and elimination.
• . INGESTION is the first process that happens in digestive system
• DIGESTION is the second process involved in digestive system. It is the process that involves break down of large food molecules into smaller molecules for easy absorption of the cells
• Chyme is a semifluid material formed from bolus that is acted upon by the gastric juices secreted by the stomach.
• The liver produces bile
• a green fluid that turns large fat droplets into smaller ones and stores them in the gall bladder.
• The pancreas makes three different kinds of enzymes namely amylase, peptidase, and lipase released through a pancreatic duct that aid in the digestion of all three organic compounds such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats respectively.
• The small intestine is an organ that breaks down food further into substances, such as glucose, that can be absorbed by the villi.