9-10. tétel

• Buda


  Centre of administration
• Pest


  Centre of market and industry
• Óbuda


  Centre of agriculture (grapes grew and wine made)
• Austro-Hungarian Monarchy established


  1867
• Hungarian political elite aimed to create a capital city that could rival Vienna in size, importance, and grandeur
• First step was the unification of Buda, Pest, and Óbuda, resulting in the creation of Budapest in 1873
• With the unification, Budapest became one of the most dynamically developing capitals in Europe (only Berlin could compete with it)
• Background and the First Steps of Development

  1. Buda becomes the administrative centre

  2. Pest becomes an educational hub
• Archduke Joseph, the brother of Emperor Francis, supported investments in the modernization of the city
• Széchenyi István


  • Aimed to make Budapest the economic and intellectual centre of the country
  • Established the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1830
  • His father Széchényi Ferenc contributed by founding the National Széchényi Library and the Hungarian National Museum
  • Attempted to attract the nobility to Pest-Buda through activities such as horse racing and the establishment of a casino
  • Supported the construction of the Chain Bridge, the first permanent bridge between Pest and Buda
• During the reform era, the Viennese government in Buda supported the renovation and development of Budapest
• Pest-Buda started to function like a real capital during the Revolution
• Development After the Revolution and War of Independence

  1. Spirits industry and milling industry experienced significant growth

  2. Pest-Buda became a major transportation hub for the country

  3. Railway construction continued based on Széchenyi's proposal, establishing a Budapest-centred, radial railway network

  4. Vigadó building inaugurated in 1865

  5. Government took a substantial loan for Budapest's investments, and the Budapest Public Works Council was established
• Technological progress was rapid - electric street lighting, telephone exchange, modern means of transportation
• The city was a real melting pot - thousands of German, Jewish, Slovak industrialists, merchants and intellectuals assimilated into the Hungarian population, but tens of thousands of rural peasants migrated to Budapest to start a new life as industrial workers
• By the turn of the century, Budapest had reached the development level of Western European metropolises
• Bridge construction

  1. Margit Bridge (1877)

  2. Franz Joseph Bridge (now Liberty Bridge) in 1896

  3. Old Elizabeth Bridge in 1903
• Capital-centricity ("waterhead" effect)

  In the early 20th century, the modern, capitalist sector of the economy in Europe was not concentrated to such an extent in any other country as in Hungary, where it was centred in Budapest
• In the 1890s, the urban infrastructure (water supply, sewerage, tram, subway) was completed, and in the early 20th century, extensive housing construction by the city and the state eased the housing shortage
• Major Events of the Millennium


  1. Hungary celebrated the thousandth anniversary of the Hungarian conquest in 1896

  2. Construction of Ancient Buda Castle began

  3. Hall of Art inaugurated

  4. First moving film footage in Hungary made

  5. Ballooning possible during the millennium

  6. Millennium Underground Railway (Kisföldalatti) opened

  7. Museum of Applied Arts designed by Lechner Ödön opened

  8. Construction of the Parliament building completed in 1904
• While Budapest experienced such extensive development, there were downsides - the rest of the country couldn't keep pace, and the country became "headed by water", establishing a hierarchical relationship between the economic development of the capital and the countryside
• The period between 1867 and 1918 (dualism) was crucial in the country's development, not just in Budapest's