4TH QUARTER

• Asexual Reproduction - generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent
• Sexual Reproduction - two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring
• Sexual Reproduction Advantages

  • Can adapt easier to environmental changes
  • Increases genetic variation within a species
  • Allows for diversity and evolution of species
• Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages

  • Takes longer to reproduce offspring
  • More things could go wrong (mutations)
  • Must locate a mate to reproduce
• Asexual Reproduction Advantages

  • Only need one parent to reproduce
  • Requires less energy to reproduce
  • Can reproduce quickly
• Asexual propagation in plants involves the vegetative parts of a plant:

  • Stems
  • Roots
  • Leaves
• Strawberry plants reproduce through stolons or "runners"
• Runners extend out several inches from the crown, take root in the soil, and produce plants called "daughter plants"
• Asexual freshwater planarians reproduce by tearing themselves into two pieces by a process called binary fission
• There are about one million nephrons in each kidney
• Natural immunity depends on heredity
• Allelopathy - mechanism in which plants release compounds that inhibit the growth of other plants
• 1.Auxins

  • Cell elongation
  • Root initiation
  • Apical dominance
  • Phototropism
  • Gravitropism
• 2.Gibberellins (GAs)

  • Stem elongation
  • Seed germination
  • Flowering
  • Fruit development
• 3.Cytokinins

  • Cell division
  • Shoot growth
  • Delayed leaf aging
  • Differentiation
• 4.Ethylene

  • Fruit ripening
  • Leaf and fruit drop
  • Response to mechanical stress
  • Root hair development
• 5.Abscistic Acid (ABA)

  • Stomatal closure
  • Seed dormancy
  • Stress response
  • Growth inhibation
• Prolactin - a hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk
• Pituitary Gland - master gland
• Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - regulates the calcium level of the blood
• Pheromones - chemicals that are released to the surrounding environment by animals
• Graphic Organize for Nervous System

  A) The Nervous System

  B) CNS

  C) PNS

  D) Brain

  E) Spinal Cord

  F) Motor Neurons

  G) Sensory Neurons

  H) Somatic Nervous System

  I) Autonomic Nervous System

  J) Sympathetic

  K) Parasympathetic

  
• Somatic Nervous System - voluntary movements via skeletal muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System - organs, smooth muscles
• Sympathetic - “Fight-or-Flight” responses
• Parasympathetic - maintenance
• Immune System - The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
• As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck
• Hair-like structures called cilia sweep the mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
• Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
• Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that break down your food
• If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack
• WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are detected
• White blood cells - Phagocytes
• Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called Lysosomes
• Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells.
• Virus-infected body cells release interferon when an invasion occurs
• Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells
• T-Cells, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells
• Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response