Asexual Reproduction - generates offspring that are genetically identical to a single parent
Sexual Reproduction - two parents contribute genetic information to produce unique offspring
Sexual Reproduction Advantages
Can adapt easier to environmental changes
Increases genetic variation within a species
Allows for diversity and evolution of species
Sexual Reproduction Disadvantages
Takes longer to reproduce offspring
More things could go wrong (mutations)
Must locate a mate to reproduce
Asexual Reproduction Advantages
Only need one parent to reproduce
Requires less energy to reproduce
Can reproduce quickly
Asexual propagation in plants involves the vegetative parts of a plant:
Stems
Roots
Leaves
Strawberry plants reproduce through stolons or "runners"
Runners extend out several inches from the crown, take root in the soil, and produce plants called "daughter plants"
Asexual freshwater planarians reproduce by tearing themselves into two pieces by a process called binary fission
There are about one million nephrons in each kidney
Natural immunity depends on heredity
Allelopathy - mechanism in which plants release compounds that inhibit the growth of other plants
1.Auxins
Cell elongation
Root initiation
Apical dominance
Phototropism
Gravitropism
2.Gibberellins (GAs)
Stem elongation
Seed germination
Flowering
Fruit development
3.Cytokinins
Cell division
Shoot growth
Delayed leaf aging
Differentiation
4.Ethylene
Fruit ripening
Leaf and fruit drop
Response to mechanical stress
Root hair development
5.Abscistic Acid (ABA)
Stomatal closure
Seed dormancy
Stress response
Growth inhibation
Prolactin - a hormone that stimulates the mammary gland to produce milk
Pituitary Gland - master gland
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - regulates the calcium level of the blood
Pheromones - chemicals that are released to the surrounding environment by animals
Graphic Organize for Nervous System
A) The Nervous System
B) CNS
C) PNS
D) Brain
E) Spinal Cord
F) Motor Neurons
G) Sensory Neurons
H) Somatic Nervous System
I) Autonomic Nervous System
J) Sympathetic
K) Parasympathetic
Somatic Nervous System -
voluntary movements via skeletal muscles
AutonomicNervousSystem
- organs, smooth muscles
Sympathetic
- “Fight-or-Flight” responses
Parasympathetic
- maintenance
Immune System - The body’s defense against disease causing organisms, malfunctioning cells, and foreign particles
As you breathe in, foreign particles and bacteria bump into mucus throughout your respiratory system and become stuck
Hair-like structures called cilia sweep the mucus into the throat for coughing or swallowing
Saliva contains many chemicals that break down bacteria
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strongacids in the stomach that break down your food
If invaders actually get within the body, then your white blood cells (WBCs) begin their attack
WBCs normally circulate throughout the blood, but will enter the body’s tissues if invaders are detected
White blood cells - Phagocytes
Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles called Lysosomes
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses to infect new cells.
Virus-infected body cells release interferon when an invasion occurs
Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to attack other body cells
T-Cells, often called “natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells
Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory response