Unit four

• During the medieval period the geographical knowledge of Europeans was limited to Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia
• In the 15th century Western Europe nations- first Portugal and Spain, then Holland, Britain and France sent explorers to discover the new areas in Africa and the Far East, as well as the New World.
• Trade with the East, European Interest about the Far East and scientific Progress were the main factors that encouraged these discoveries.
• Prince Hennery the Navigator: inspired Portugal to begin to search for an all water route around Africa to the East.
• Bartholomew Diaz: founded the cape of storms.
• Vasco Da Gama: reached India through the path of Diaz.
• Christopher Columbus: reached the Bahamas.
• Amerigo Vespucci: realized the place that Christopher found was a new continent and called it America.
• Ferdinand Magellan: completing the first circumnavigation of the word.
• Some of the results of the discoveries were:

  • Progress was stimulated in Europe and other parts of the world.

  • Different peoples, different religion and different cultures came in contact with each other.

  • Plants and animals spread to other parts of the world

  • Potatoes and tomatoes, for example, came from America.

  • Coffee spread from Ethiopia to Arabia and then to America.

  • Horses were also introduced to the New World.

  • The trade wealth of Europe
• Renaissance is rebirth or revival.
• Renaissance was a period of approximately 300 years marking the transition between medieval and modern period in Western Europe.
• The Renaissance was began with the rediscovery of the Greco-Roman civilization.
• The Renaissance arose in Italy because:

  • Italy was the center of Greco-Roman culture
  • Italy’s location enabled her to absorb stimulating new ideas from other countries
• n the 15th century Renaissance ideas began to spread from Italy to France, the German states, Holland, and England.
• Johannes Gutenberg: printing with movable type was invented by a German, Johann Gutenberg.
• Nicola Machiavelli (1469-1527) an Italian, wrote about ethics and government in his book The Prince.
• William Shakespeare (1564-1616) an Englishman, is often considered as the greatest poet and playwright of all time.Shakespeare’s best-known plays include Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Hamlet, Julius Caesar, and Macbeth.
• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) He studied anatomy systematically and from his observations of animals sketched a parachute and a flying machine. He painted such masterpieces as The Last Supper and the Mona Lisa.
• Michelangelo (1475-1564) He painted beautiful Biblical scenes and figures on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican; showing the dead Christ and His mother marry; carved massive statues of Old Testament figures, David and Moses; and designed the dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome.
• Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543) was a pole, he concluded that the sun is the center of our solar system, and the earth is one of several planets revolving around the sun.
• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) propounded the law of falling bodies and greatly improved the telescope. His observations of the heavens confirmed the Copernican theory
• The Reformation was a religious revolt, started in 1517, against the Roman Catholic Church.
• Causes of the Reformation: worldliness, Nepotism, Simony, and Sale of indulgences.
• 1. Luther’s Background: Martin Luther (1483-1546), was a German, received an excellent education and entered a Catholic monastic order. At the age of 25, Luther was appointed professor of Christian theology at the University of Wittenberg.
• To defend itself against the Protestant movement, the Catholic Church took a number of actions, known as the Counter Reformation.
• 1. The Council of Trent (1545-1563): This Church council reaffirmed such basic Catholic doctrines as Papal supremacy and exclusive Church abuses-nepotism, simony, and sale of indulgences, and required the clergy to renounce worldly pleasures.
• The Society of Jesus: This monastic order was founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola. Its members, called Jesuits. By serving as priests and teachers, they helped preserve Catholicism in Poland, southern Germany, and Belgium. They also won new converts in India, China, Japan, and North America.
• Results of the Reformation: End of Religious Unity and Religious wars.
• The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor in home to with machines in factory.
• Industrial Revolution Started in England because England had domestic and overseas markets,

  good harbors to facilitate trade,

  valuable raw materials,

  government levied relatively fair and light taxes and

  maintained a stable administration in a unified country.
• The First Industrial Revolution (1750-1870): The first phase of the Industrial Revolution consisted of the invention of

  • the first complex machines,
  • the building of the first factories,
  • the development of steam as a source of power
  • the expansion of the output of basic materials-coal, iron and steel
  • the introduction of new methods of transportation and communication.
• The Second Industrial Revolution (1870-still Continuing):

  consisting of the use of new sources of power electricity, petroleum, and atomic energy

  new industries, the invention of newer

  faster means of transportation
• Consequences of Industrial Revolutions

  Economic: - expansion of world trade, factory system was expanded, mass production of goods were manufactured and increased standards of living.
• Consequences of Industrial Revolutions

  Political:- decline of landed aristocracy, growth and expansion of democracy, increased power of industrialized nations, and nationalism and Imperialism were stimulated.
• Consequences of Industrial Revolutions

  Social: - development and growth of cities, population increases, and science and research were stimulated.
• Consequences of Industrial Revolutions

  Problems: - economic insecurity, unemployment and urban slums
• WW1

  Nationalism:

  • France was determined to recover the French in habited provinces of Alsace and Lorraine.
  • Serbia wanted Austro-Hungarian territory to be inhabited by Yugoslav peoples.
  • Subject nationalities Yugoslavs, Czechs, Slovaks, and Poles- sought independence
  • Intense patriotism assured popular support for war like measures
• WW1's major causes were the following: Nationalism, Alliance Formation, Imperialism and Militarism.
• WW1

  Imperialism:

  • France and Germany clashed over Morocco.
  • Russia andAustria-Hungary were rivals in the Balkans.
  • England and Germany competed for Africa and the Middle East, and for world markets.