Statistics

• Types of Data


  • Qualitative Data
  • Quantitative Data
• Qualitative Data


  Data that describes qualities or characteristics and cannot be measured numerically. Examples include colors, shapes, and opinions.
• Quantitative Data


  Data that consists of numerical measurements or counts. It can be further classified as discrete or continuous.
• Discrete Data


  Data that can only take specific, distinct values. For example, the number of students in a class.
• Continuous Data


  Data that can take any value within a given range. For example, the height of students in a class.
• Types of Questions


  • Open-Ended Question
  • Closed-Ended Question
  • Likert Scale Question
• Open-Ended Question


  A question that allows for a variety of answers and requires more than a simple yes or no response.
• Closed-Ended Question


  A question that limits the possible responses and can be answered with a simple yes or no, or by selecting from multiple-choice options.
• Likert Scale Question


  A question that asks respondents to rate their agreement with a statement on a scale, typically ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
• Data Gathering


  The process of collecting information or data for analysis.
• Data Gathering Methods


  Various techniques used to collect data, such as surveys, interviews, observations, and experiments.
• Frequency Distribution Table


  A table that summarizes the distribution of data in a dataset by showing the frequency of each value or range of values.
• Graphs Used in Presenting Data

  • Bar Graph
  • Histogram
  • Line Graph
  • Pie Chart
• Bar Graph


  A graph that uses bars to represent categorical data. The height of each bar represents the frequency or proportion of each category.
• Histogram


  A graph that represents the frequency distribution of continuous data. The bars touch each other to show that the data is continuous.
• Line Graph


  A graph that shows how data changes over time. It connects data points with lines to illustrate trends.
• Pie Chart


  A circular chart divided into sectors, where each sector represents a proportion of the whole. It is used to show the composition of a total amount.
• Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped)

  • Mean
  • Median
  • Mode
• Mean


  The average of a set of values, calculated by adding all values and dividing by the number of values.
• Median


  The middle value of a set of values when arranged in ascending or descending order.
• Mode


  The value that appears most frequently in a set of values.
• Range


  The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset. It provides a measure of the spread or variability of the data.