Deindustrialisation

• Deindustrialisation refers to the job losses in the secondary sector (manufacturing)
• (CAUSES) The decline of manufacturing was due to 3 reasons:

  1. Mechanisation - goods being produced more cost-effectively with automation e.g machinery
  2. Competition - from overseas e.g China
  3. Reduced demand - new products made from modern materials using modern tech have replaced traditional products
• Industries most affected by deindustrialisation in the UK:

  • Steel and shipbuilding (northeast and coastal regions)
  • Textiles and clothing (west Yorkshire)
• The decline in manufacturing was accompanied by a rise in the service sector in urban areas. This includes:

  • Tertiary activities - e.g financial services like banking, insurance, leisure, retailing, education and health
  • Quaternary activities - where knowledge or ideas are the main output e.g advertising, computer programming and software design
• Impacts of deindustrialisation

  • Social
  • Economic
  • Environmental
• Social impacts of deindustrialisation:

  • Increase in unemployment
  • Increased deprivation
  • Increased crime and alcohol/drug abuse
  • Decreased morale
• Economic impacts of deindustrialisation:

  • Loss of jobs and decreased disposable income
  • Closure of businesses
  • Loss of tax income and decline in services
  • Increased demand for benefits
  • Decreased property prices as out-migration occurs
  • De-industrialisation led to de-multiplier effect in urban areas
• Environmental impactsof deindustrialisation:


  • Derelict land and buildings
  • Long-term pollution of land from industries leading to increased brownfield sites
  • Deteriorating infrastructure
  • Decreased noise, land and water pollution(positive)
  • Decreased traffic congestion (positive)
• EXAMPLE: Deindustrialisation in Liverpool - Causes:

  • increased migration in search of employment and increased housing so move to suburbs
  • Liverpool gained negative reputation for riots and being the 'city in ruins'
  • It had a service based economy which caused a decline in manufacturing
• EXAMPLE: Deindustrialisation in Liverpool: Impacts:

  • Urban decline
• Urban decline in inner city areas

  • Tuebrook in Liverpool
  • ENV, ECON, Social and Demographic impacts
• Environmental/physical


  • Dereliction as factory closed for housing
  • Litter so became 'dumping ground'
  • Boarded up property
  • Shops with shutters
• Economic


  • Unemployment
  • Not enough money invested
  • Poverty
  • Debt
  • Property devaluation
  • Businesses shut
• Social


  • Gangs
  • Crime
  • HMOS (Houses of Multiple Occupancy)
  • Litter
  • Noise
  • Lost sense of community
  • Tension between residents and police
  • Decline in services with more pressure on Merseyside Police and Fire service
  • Poor schools so bad education
• Demographic


  • Population decline (74% decline in local population)
• EXAMPLE: Deindustrialisation in Detroit, Michigan, USA - 5 causes:

  1. Reliance upon the motor industry
  2. Racial divide
  3. Poor local government leadership
  4. Lack of transport infrastructure
  5. Poverty
• Causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit - reliance upon motor economy:

  • expansion of the motor industry fuelled growth - made Detroit 4th largest city in the country with a population reaching nearly 2 million
  • Ford and General Motors were major employers
  • Strikes occurred due to decentralisation which halted progress
  • Increased automation - job loss
• Causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit - racial divide

  • high tension
  • migration of blacks meant white m/c moved to suburbs
  • after riots houses abondoned
  • city lost over 350,000 white residents ('white flight') and gained nearly 200,000 black
  • today 80% black population
• Causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit - Poor local gov leadership

  • Charles E Bowles - increased unemployment, crime and poverty
  • Albert Cobo - declined federal money for housing
• Causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit - Lack of transport

  • Public policies encourages car culture - more money invested in highways rather than public transport
  • 1980s - People Mover constructed, a monorail looped around 3 miles downtown
  • unreliable bus system but Light-rail began operating in 2016
  • missed opportunity to release racial tension
• Causes of deindustrialisation in Detroit - poverty:

  • 90,000 vacant homes
  • 36% of population below poverty level - don't pay tax - can't fund public services
  • average police response time - 58 mins
  • decline in student enrolment
  • m/c move to suburbs
  • 20% unemployment rate
• EXAMPLE: Deindustrialisation in Detroit, Michigan, USA - 5 impacts:

  1. Environmental
  2. Economic
  3. Social
  4. Demographic
  5. Political
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit - environmental:

  • Abandoned houses - 70,000 - urban blight
  • Graffiti
  • 'Ghost town' - some parts so abandoned they've been described as looking like farmland

  
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit - economic:

  • high unemployment (20%) as car industry left
  • city going bankrupt
  • 'Brain drain'
  • low property prices
  • half of house owners don't pay tax
  • 20% Detroit adults have collage degree
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit - social:

  • highest crime rate in America
  • 40% of street lights don't work
  • only 1/3 of ambulances running
  • 40% cut to police force
  • school closure
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit - demographic:

  • population reduced by 60%
  • change in racial composition - more black less white(80% of population is black) - 'white flight'
• Impacts of deindustrialisation in Detroit - political:

  • issues with trust in authority because of former management
• EXAMPLE: Deindustrialisation in Detroit - signs of recovery:

  • farming practices - regenerative farming
  • Use fresh, healthy, affordable food with no chemicals
  • involve youths - decrease anti-social behaviour, teach them sustainable diets, increase the sense of community
  • improve mental health, better diets, employment - less crime
  • never been vandalised