Water facts

Created by

J w

Cards (58)

what is one of the most pulled rivers in the world, and fact to show it
Ganges
1 billion litres raw sewage enters everyday
recycling water
Singapore irrigate 60% crops with recycled sewage water
desalination Singapore
2 desalination plants in singapore provide 25% water
importing water
40% of Singapores water from Malaysia
high cost water Mexico 
due to high population, bottle of Coca Cola cheaper than water
example of river polluted by agriculture
river wye
waste from 20 million chickens
how much is agriculture expected to increase by 2050
60%
what is an area experiencing less rainfall due to climate china
sahel region, africa
how has climate change affected surface water stores
increased in areas with more precipitation and decreased in areas with less
what does the ENSO effect stand for
El Niño southern oscillation
what is the ENSO effect
a system of warm and cold air circulation in the south Pacific Ocean, where trade winds move from east to west
what are the 3 conditions of the ENSO effect
normal
El Nino effect
La Niña effect
what ocean does the ENSO effect occur 
South Pacific Ocean
explain the normal condition of the ENSO effect (importance of trade winds and upwelling) 
-they bring warm water to the west which creates a low pressure environment, thus warm air evaporates, condenses and creates a rainy climate
-upwelling in the east occurs as cooler water from the depths of the ocean rises to replace the warm water
-this creates a high pressure environment on the western coast of South America, so it is dry
explain the La Niña effect 
-trade winds are intensified which causes extreme weather events
-DROUGHT in South America
what can the La Niña effect be described as
an extreme version of the normal
explain the El Niño effect
-trade winds weaken so warm water doesn't reach Australia, so dry climate due to high pressure
-causes wetter climate in southern America
fact to show significance of ENSO effect
two of the most devastating droughts in the US were associated with La Niña
what are the main human causes of drought
-over abstraction of water sources- both surface water and groundwater
-building dams
what does a storm hydrographic show
the rivers discharge in response to a storm
what is the rising limb
The increase in river discharge
what is the lag time 
time between peak rainfall and peak discharge
what its the falling limb
discharge decreases
what are the two types of rivers on a storm hydropgrpah
flash river and flat river
what is a flash river
steep rising limb and short lag time
what is a flat river
gentler rising limb and longer lag time
what is base flow
Normal discharge of the river
what physical factors influence the shape of a storm hydrography
-topography as steeper land increases speed of surface run off as less infiltration
-geology as less permeable increases surface run as less infiltration off so faster inputs/ more inputs
-precipitation intensity as higher increases inputs, so infiltration capacity reached so more surface run off
-size and shape of drainage basin
-amount of tributaries as more increases inputs as faster than groundwater/through flow
-vegetation cover
what human factors influence the shape of a storm hydrography 
-urbanisation- lack of infiltration due to less permeable geology (concrete) increases surface run off
-deforestation- lack of interception increases surface run off
what are the different types of drainage basins 
-small/circular
-rectangular/larger
what case study is used to assess human impacts on the drainage basin
Amazonia case study - 2023 drought
in what year was the drought
2023
introductory sentence for the amazon drought case study
The drought plaguing the Amazon in 2023 is due to a critical lack of rainfall and rising temperatures, caused by both the El Niño phenomenon and anthropogenic climate change
what is the El Niño phenomenon
the abnormal warming of the surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, affecting rainfall regimes
explain the effect of the El Niño phenomenon on the Amazon
has caused a distinctive lack of rainfall, thus inputs into the drainage basin have decreased
what is anthropogenic climate change 
climate change caused by humans
(deforestation and land use)
explain the anthropogenic climate change in the amazon
-agricultural. expansion and mining in the amazon has catalysed deforestation (effects of this already covered)
where has deforestation been particularly devastating in the Amazon
the Highway BR-319 as it is particularly cheap for cattle ranching (impact of land use)
explain how creating water stores (reservoirs) is relevant in the Amazon drought
In Brazil, hydroelectric dams are being constructed for energy independence
in the Amazon, how many dams have been built
150 dams have been planned as part of an energy development project