Central Dogma Part 2

• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology


  The basic underlying principle in the field of genetics. It is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.
• DNA


  Genetic material passed on from parents to offspring. In prokaryotes, it is in the nucleoid region in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, it is found in the nucleus, but some may be found in the mitochondria.
• DNA


  • Proposed by biologists Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953
  • Double helix structure that twists spirally and twisted ladder
  • Backbone or building block called nucleotide
  • Nucleotide composed of a phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous bases

  
• Sugar group in DNA and RNA

  • Deoxyribose is the sugar group in DNA, deoxy means ribose has lost an oxygen atom
  • DNA molecule numbered bases on its carbon atom, carbon atom on the right runs clockwise
  • Last carbon in the ribose sugar number as 5' (five prime)
• Nitrogenous bases


  Purines have double ringed structure, pyrimidines contain only one ring in their structure
• Complementary base pairing


  • Each pair should contain purine and pyrimidine
  • Each nucleotide is paired together by hydrogen bond
  • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA
• Central Dogma of Molecular Biology


  The basic underlying principle in the field of genetics. It is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.
• Importance of nitrogenous base pairing
• DNA


  Genetic material passed on from parents to offspring. In prokaryotes, it is in the nucleoid region in the cytoplasm. In eukaryotes, it is found in the nucleus, but some may be found in the mitochondria.
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)


  • RNA is a single stranded molecule that is also composed of nucleotides
  • The sugar backbone is ribose
  • DNA serves as the manual and RNA serve as its "photocopy"
  • This helps the cell get the instructions needed to produce proteins, while keeping the DNA information intact

  
• 3 types of RNA

  • mRNA (messenger) - transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins, carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • tRNA (transfer) - brings amino acids to the ribosomes
  • rRNA (ribosomal) - part of the ribosome, where proteins are made

  
• Importance of RNA


  • Acts as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
  • Helps in regulating various cell processes, ranging from cell division, growth to cell aging and death
  • Certain RNA defects can result in human diseases
• Proteins


  • Composed of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides
  • There are 20 amino acids
  • The properties of the proteins are determined by the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide
• DNA


  • Proposed by biologists Francis Crick and James Watson in 1953
  • Double helix structure that twists spirally and twisted ladder
  • Backbone or building block called nucleotide
  • Nucleotide composed of a phosphate group, sugar and nitrogenous bases

  
• Types of amino acids

  • Essential - cannot be produced by our bodies, should be present in our daily diet
  • Nonessential - can be produced by our bodies
  • Conditionally nonessential - not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress
• Genetic code


  • The language of instruction in the mRNA is called genetic code
  • The 3 letter combination in the mRNA is known as codon
  • Codon charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide, or protein

  
• Sugar group in DNA and RNA

  • Deoxyribose is the sugar group in DNA, deoxy means ribose has lost an oxygen atom
  • DNA molecule numbered bases on its carbon atom, carbon atom on the right runs clockwise
  • Last carbon in the ribose sugar number as 5' (five prime)
• Nitrogenous bases


  Purines have double ringed structure, pyrimidines contain only one ring in their structure

  
• Complementary base pairing


  • Each pair should contain purine and pyrimidine
  • Each nucleotide is paired together by hydrogen bond
  • Uracil replaces thymine in RNA

  
• Importance of nitrogenous base pairing
• Features of codons
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)


  • RNA is a single stranded molecule that is also composed of nucleotides
  • The sugar backbone is ribose
  • DNA serves as the manual and RNA serve as its "photocopy"
  • This helps the cell get the instructions needed to produce proteins, while keeping the DNA information intact

  
• 3 types of RNA

  • mRNA (messenger) - transcribes the genetic code from DNA into a form that can be read and used to make proteins, carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
  • tRNA (transfer) - brings amino acids to the ribosomes
  • rRNA (ribosomal) - part of the ribosome, where proteins are made

  
• Importance of RNA


  • Acts as enzymes that speed up chemical reactions
  • Helps in regulating various cell processes, ranging from cell division, growth to cell aging and death
  • Certain RNA defects can result in human diseases
• Making proteins


  1. In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in RNA. In eukaryotes, the RNA must go through additional processing steps to become a messenger RNA, or mRNA.

  2. In translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is "translated" into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein chain)
• Proteins


  • Composed of polymers of numerous amino acids known as polypeptides
  • There are 20 amino acids
  • The properties of the proteins are determined by the order of the amino acids in a polypeptide
• Types of amino acids

  • Essential - cannot be produced by our bodies, should be present in our daily diet
  • Nonessential - can be produced by our bodies
  • Conditionally nonessential - not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress
• Genetic code


  • The language of instruction in the mRNA is called genetic code
  • The 3 letter combination in the mRNA is known as codon
  • Codon charts are used to find the amino acid that corresponds to DNA and RNA to produce a chain of amino acids called a polypeptide, or protein

  
• Features of codons
• Making proteins


  1. In transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is "rewritten" in RNA. In eukaryotes, the RNA must go through additional processing steps to become a messenger RNA, or mRNA.

  2. In translation, the sequence of nucleotides in the mRNA is "translated" into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide (protein chain)