GENERAL BIOLOGY

• Plants have flowers, while animals possess testes and ovaries.
• Reproduction is the process that can secure continuation of life forms on earth.
• In plants, fertilization typically involves the fusion of two gametes within the ovule, whereas in animals, fertilization generally occurs within the female reproductive tract.
• Life cycle is the sequential stages in an organism's reproductive history, spanning from conception to the birth or production of its own offspring
• Sexual reproduction in both plant and animals requires the fusion of gametes.
• the first and second fertilization event in double fertilization can cause Formation of a zygote (1st) and endosperm (2nd).
• Endosperm is the component in nourishing the developing embryo.
• Autotrophic nutrition in plants is more energy-efficient and resource-utilizing compared to heterotrophic nutrition in animals since plants directly convert sunlight into usable energy through photosynthesis.
• Mycorrhizae originates from fungal symbiosis, whereas root nodules result from bacterial symbiosis.
• Digestive tract is commonly arrange in mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus.
• Stomata are pores in the leaves (which is a large surface of the plant) of a plant that open and close for gas exchange.
• Pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then returned to the heart as oxygenated blood.
• Lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart and return oxygenated blood
• All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occur across the walls of alveoli.
• Xylem transports water and minerals upward from roots to leaves
• phloem transports organic nutrients, such as sugars, bidirectionally between source and sink cells.
• Blood flows in pulmonary circulation happens between the heart and the lungs.
• Systematic circulation sends oxygenated blood out to the cells.
• Circulatory systems does not filter the air that enters your body.
• The type of control mechanism that relies on the release of signaling molecules to regulate bodily functions is chemical control.
• The human nervous system is capable of a wide range of functions
• neuron are the basic unit of the nervous system.
• Leaves usually grow above the ground for the process of photosynthesis (absorbing the light).
• Hormones on the other hand in plants regulate biochemical and physiological responses.
• Endocrine and nervous systems collaborate through a series of feedback mechanisms.
• Central nervous systems refer only to the brain and spinal cord.
• Nervous systems do not produce hormones and distribute it to the receptors.
• Olfactory receptors allows us to taste the food even without personally tasting it.
• The difference between chemoreceptors detect chemical while photoreceptors respond to light.
• Consuming sweets can increase hormone which is INSULIN.
• Excess number of hormones that is secreted by glands can lead to disorder related to endocrine system
• The chemical and nervous control in our body maintains homeostasis in our body.
• Transpiration is the loss of water vapor from the aerial parts of the plant
• Root cortex is the outermost layer of the root responsible for actively transporting ions and minerals from the soil into the root.
• Build-up of toxins in the bloodstream can occur if there is no disposal of metabolic wastes.
• Nitrogenous waste is removed by our kidney in our body.
• The human excretory system is design in order (kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra).
• The primary similarity between plant immunity and the innate immune system of animals is that they both recognize and respond to pathogens using innate mechanisms.
• Innate immune response provides immediate protection against a wide range of pathogens.
• Humans infected with a bacterial infection secrete antibodies or immunoglobulins to neutralize and mark the bacteria destruction