ENGLISH

• Academic Writing - is a formal style of writing with a general purpose of presenting information in order to display a clear understanding of a particular subject
• Examples of documents where academic writing is used:

  • books
  • thesis
  • abstract
  • journals
  • news article
  • research papers
  • conference paper
• Formality - is using formal language rather than everyday common language
• Formality is achieved through:

  • using expanded forms over contracted forms & abbreviated equivalents
  • choosing one verb over two-word verbs
  • avoid using idiomatic expressions
• Objectivity - means that the writing must be impersonal. The main emphasis should be on the presented information and/or arguments after than what you think about the issue
• Objectivity is achieved through:

  • Avoiding the use of personal pronouns (you, I, we),
  • rhetorical questions, and
  • an emotive language that shows biases
• Explicitness - is the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related
• Explicitness is achieved through:

  • Using different signaling words
  • Citing/acknowledging sources of ideas
• Caution - an important feature in academic writing that is needed to avoid sweeping generalizations 


  It is achieved through:

  • using devices such as modal verbs, adverbs, or verbs
• Conversation - defined as a friendly and usual informal talk between two people who exchange their views and ideas

  • mostly day-to-day questions/small talks
• Dialog - is the most personal and intimate form of dyadic communication

  • intimate or purposive exchange of ideas between two or more people
• Interview - is considered a two way process where both parties alternately talk and listen
• Hearing - is an accidental and automatic brain response to sound that requires no effort
• Listening - it requires concentrated attention for the purpose of understanding the meanings expressed by a speaker