Ideologies

• To what extent do conservatives agree about pragmatism?

  State- Agree that the state needs to be pragmatic if it desires to uphold all of its key values- Burke " a state without some means of change is without the means of its conservation" there needs to be some flexibility and adaptation in order for preservation

  However One nation more about practicing pragmatism in terms of state being flexible in taking more control to protect welfare of the poor, believe a part of being pragmatic is to engage in more interventionist measures of helping poor different to New Right- neoliberals who see the state as a damaging effect on human affairs and believe that instead state interference should be kept to a minimal, are less willing to be flexible in this regard
• Society


  Society- Most agree that society should be orderly and stable, authoritarian and one nation agree on the idea that there is indeed a necessary order within society and are not willing to be flexible with the view of the organic society and the interdependency of each social group, they believe that any reform to this system should be limited and only be taken with a common sense approach, not an idealistic one- they are willing to apply pragmatism but only in order to preserve this system

  Differs to neoconservatives who seem to have developed a clear set of non negotiable ideas concerning society including the Thatcherite idea that there is no such thing as society, they also believe there are dangers in having a permissive society, lacks ethical norms, and too much freedom, they wish to strengthen society by creating more authority, social discipline and uniformity- are less willing to be flexible on this.
• Economy


  Not much agreement in terms of the pragmatic approach to managing the economy- Some do agree, One Nations and Traditional do take more of a responsibility for the poor and believe it pragmatic to engage in welfare redistribution due to beliefs of interdependency and organic society, support for Keynesian economics in order to protect key values and tradition

  However neoliberalism deviates from this considerably, encouraging in more unregulated free market capitalism- are not willing to be flexible on this as they resent 'dead hand of the state'

  Nozick- rejected all forms of redistribution and welfare- regarded it as theft, believed it was 'on par with forced labour', Burke also agreed with the free market as it reflects natural desire for wealth
• To what extent do conservatives agree about tradition?

  Human Nature- all believe in the moral imperfection of human nature- Hobbes ' state of nature is poor brutish, nasty and short' -human nature is innately selfish and greedy which is why traditional manners, customs and practices are all the more important to restrain the natural greed within humans, tradition generates a sense of identity for intellectually flawed humans - the established customs and practices are familiar and reassuring for individuals which is beneficial for them

  However New Right deviates from authoritarian and traditional conservatives taking a more rational approach to human nature and holding a more optimistic view of humans in that they are capable of rationality which feeds into their beliefs for a limited state and increased free market capitalism
• Society


  Traditionally conservatives have believed that society is naturally hierarchical and as a result have accepted natural inequality within society, most generally under the belief that breaking the tradition of a hierarchy within society, an idea that had stood the test of time- Burke- ' society is a partnership between the living, the dead and those yet to be born' was not the correct thing do- there must be leaders and followers and social equality was a myth,

  however there was a move towards increased social welfare with one nation conservatism and Disraeli, there was attempt to stop society falling into two separate groups- rich and the poor, slight deviation however mainly consistent with traditional view of society and hierarchy in that everyone would not enjoy the same living standards as they do not have the same responsibilities

  The reasons that they believe there is inequality within society differs, Traditional- society is shaped by natural factors rather than human ingenuity, it is fashioned ultimately by natural necessity

  New Right- society is the product of actions of self seeking and largely self reliant individuals
• Economy


  All believe in preserving and upholding the protection of private property within the state

  Traditional conservatives= although they were in favour of capitalism, believed that it posed a threat to tradition and the hierarchy with middle class becoming richer and richer, believed that the richer landowners had a duty to their decedent's and the poor- supports a more paternalistic approach, one nations believed paternalistic approach in economy was needed in order to preserve social order and customs- Keynesian economics to increase employment

  Not particularly interested in upholding hierarchy and tradition- neoliberals- more interested in increased capitalism to boost the economy, less intervention and more privatization
• To what extent do conservatives agree about society being organic?

  Authority and Hierarchy- traditional and one nation conservatives believe in the idea that human beings are dependent and security seeking creatures, this implies that they need society in order to function, are not in favour of liberal ideas of negative freedom and individuals being left alone, they need order and stability from above for their own good, members of society have different roles Burke, idea of 'natural aristocracy and born leaders' which means there is a natural hierarchy and inequality within society

  Liberal New Right- Thatcher believed there was no such thing as society and emphasised individualism- less reliance on the state
• Human Imperfection


  One Nation and authoritarian conservatives agree that humans are naturally psychologically, morally and intellectually imperfect meaning that we are therefore very much dependent creatures, they believe humans are drawn to the safe and the familiar which organic society provides, organic society provides security and social order and humans are willing to sacrifice some of their freedom in order to have this - link to Hobbes and the social contract theory

  However neoliberals would hold a more optimistic view and would support the idea that humans are capable of rationality and therefore can be more independent without society, they would argue that if everyone was left alone to fulfil their own self interests, the cohesion and equilibrium that a society would provide would still be the end result
• Tradition


  Traditional conservatives believe that the formation of society in terms of it's structures and institutions have been shaped by forces outside of human control, the organic society necessary for the imperfect nature of human beings, should be preserved and upheld as the status quo reflects the accumulated wisdom of the past and this, the model of the organic society has worked for so long and has stood the test of time for a reason Oakeshott-" to be conservative is to prefer the familiar to the unknown, too prefer the tried to the untried"

  However neoliberals have taken a liking to the the classical liberal ideas about society favoring atomism and individualism
• To what extent do conservatives agree about paternalism?

  Human Nature- traditional conservatives, humans are intellectually imperfect and require the help of those who are natural born leaders- Burke-'natural aristocracy' , they are dependent on them due to their own limitations, people desire security of knowing their place and paternalism allows for this, the order that comes from paternalism ensures that human life is stable and predictable which is ultimately what the intellectually, morally and psychologically flawed human desires

  Liberal New Right believes that humans are rational and have more optimistic view of psychological and intellectual abilities meaning they do not see the need for paternalism the same way traditional conservatives do, humans are not that dependent
• Society


  Society-authority is rooted into the nature of society and an organic society with interdependency and rich looking out for poor is what is best according to traditional conservatives- there must be leaders and there must be followers, leaders look out for followers and paternalism protects the interests of those lower in society and ensures that they are taken into consideration- Disraeli, prevents society from becoming two nations- the Rich and the Poor

  Neo liberals- although they agree that there is inevitable inequality within society, they are more in favour of individualism, they worry that paternalism within society leads to a dependency culture developing where people become too reliant on external support- may agree with Samuel Smiles, heaven helps those who help themselves
• Economy


  Traditional Conservatives have a paternalistic approach to the economy- they believe that social obligations suggest the wealthy have a duty to attend to the interests of the less well off, they use this stance to justify social welfare and some redistribution- Disraeli introduces policies that would benefit the poor due his belief in noblesse oblige- privilege of ruling comes with obligation( to the poor) which supports idea of the fatherly sense of authority that those above have

  Neoliberal- agree that despite our rationality humans are still morally imperfect and greedy however, they would agree with Rand in her belief of laissez faire, an unregulated capitalist economy is best for efficiency- this, their beliefs on the importance of property and wealth rights seem to be incompatible with paternalistic ideas of redistribution and welfare- links to Nozick and idea that 'welfare is on par with forced labour
• To what extent do conservatives agree about human imperfection?

  Society- Traditional conservatives believe that humans are morally, psychologically and intellectually flawed and therefore humans crave order, stability and security which is brought about by having an organic society with a natural aristocracy- Burke looking out for and taking into consideration the interests of the less fortunate, because human beings are dependent creatures they can not exist outside society but are in desperate need of it because of their imperfect nature

  Liberal New Right- humans are rational and are not as dependent as traditional conservatives believe, they are able to act as individuals and should be encouraged to be self reliant and make reason based choices concerning their interests, Thatcher- there is no such thing as society only individuals and their families, society is product of actions of self seeking individuals
• State


  Traditional conservatives all agree that 'the state of nature without authority is poor, solitary, nasty, brutish'- Thomas Hobbes- this is due to the imperfect nature of human beings and the fact that they are so morally flawed, having a state means that there would be a prevention of conflict and disorder in society, it means that there would be an established sense of authority which is what humans need in order to have the security that they desire, Oakeshott 'the political world is boundless and bottomless' and humans are intellectually imperfect- traditional conservatives- which means we need a strong state made up of natural aristocracy- Burke- to give up our freedom to in return for a sense of law and order- Hobbes

  In terms of the amount of power that the state should have the New Right neoliberals disagree- they are anti-statist and do not believe that the state provides immense security and stability but rather that it is a realm of unfreedom and coercion, they are under the impression that individuals do have rational capacities and should be fully free to exercise this
• Economy


  Traditional Conservatives believe that due to the limitations that humans have, there needs to be a paternalistic economic approach with the economy-are in favour of more Keynesian style economic policies that helped those less fortunate, although authoritarian conservatives agreed with capitalism they also believed it was important for the property holders to uphold duty to the less fortunate and one nation are a lot kore concerned with increasing economic welfare to help lower classes and reduce unemployment

  Neoliberals- in favour of decreased intervention in the economy, deregulation and privatisation, critical of welfare state - Nozick - 'welfare is forced labour' redistribution and common good undermine self ownership and encourage reliance on exxternal factors- human are ration beings and are capable of making intelligent reason based choices, they d not need intervention but rather the market forces deliver efficiency- Rand 'radical for capitalism'- reason leads to support for egoism and strong belief in market fundamentalism /capitalism
• To what extent do conservatives agree about human nature?

  Organic Society- Society- Traditional conservatives believe that humans are morally, psychologically and intellectually flawed and therefore humans crave order, stability and security which is brought about by having an organic society with a natural aristocracy- Burke looking out for and taking into consideration the interests of the less fortunate, because human beings are dependent creatures they can not exist outside society but are in desperate need of it because of their imperfect nature

  Liberal New Right- humans are rational and are not as dependent as traditional conservatives believe, they are able to act as individuals and should be encouraged to be self reliant and make reason based choices concerning their interests, Thatcher- there is no such thing as society only individuals and their families, society is product of actions of self seeking individuals
• Paternalism


  Traditional Conservatives- One Nation and Traditional believe in the concept of the noblesse oblige and the idea that there is a natural aristocracy- Burke, who have the responsibility of looking out for the intellectually imperfect who are dependent on help from others

  society is naturally unequal but with the power to rule comes the responsibility to attend to the interests of those lower in the natural hierarchy which is necessary due to their flaws and limitations, providing assistance for them like a father would for a child is their duty and it is necessary to do this, could include reduction of poverty through Keynesian style economics

  New Right Liberal- they do not believe that this is the right take as they worry about a dependency culture forming when individuals become too reliant on external support, they favour more of an independent approach and agree with Smiles in that 'heaven helps those who help themselves
• Tradition


  Traditional Conservatives- under the impression that lessons can be learned from the past and the ideas about authority and social hierarchy have stood the test of time for a reason, the fact that they believe that we are limited morally, psychologically and intellectually feeds into their belief that we desire stability, security and order which is what fed into ideas about social hierarchies and the necessary authority of the state which have survived over many, many years, breaking this traditional way of life could lead to anomie- lack of social/ethical standards due to our psychological imperfection- Burke-'society is a partnership between the living, the dead and the yet to be born' Oakeshott- 'to be conservative is to prefer the familiar to the unfamiliar, the tried to the untried'

  New Right neoliberals- it is morally right to act in our own self interests and to determine what we need to do to achieve our own desires- Rand, the intervention of the state to provide security and stability is not necessary despite it being traditional, Rand uses ideas of objectivist philosophy to suggest that humans are perfectly capable of identifying the rational values that would best serve them, its a part of human nature
• To what extent do conservatives agree about the role of the state

  Paternalism- Traditional Conservatives- One Nation and Authoritarian believe in the concept of the noblesse oblige and the idea that there is a natural aristocracy- Burke, who have the responsibility of looking out for the intellectually imperfect who are dependent on help from others

  society is naturally unequal but with the power to rule owned by the state comes the responsibility to attend to the interests of those lower in the natural hierarchy which is necessary due to their flaws and limitations, providing assistance for them like a father would for a child is their duty and it is necessary to do this, could include reduction of poverty through Keynesian style economics

  New Right Liberal- they do not believe that this is the right take as they worry about a dependency culture forming when individuals become too reliant on the state, they favour more of an independent approach and agree with Smiles in that 'heaven helps those who help themselves
• Pragmatism


  Authoritarian and One Nation Conservatives have been more willing to be pragmatic and flexible when it comes to their beliefs on the role of the state, they both believe that a state is necessary and needs to be strong enough to establish laws and maintain order but in terms of the state have been willing to increase social welfare and redistribution in order to maintain key conservative values-Burke 'a state without some means of change is without the means of its conservation' both believed in one stable nation and that the state must be flexible enough to act in best national interest whatever that may be- during Disraeli time that was increasing Keynesian economics and during Macmillan time that was engaging in a mixed economy, the Middle Way in order to promote economic growth and to lift people out of poverty

  New Right- neoliberals seem to be less willing to compromise and be flexible/pragmatic in term of their beliefs on the role of the state and have beliefs that there should be a roll back on state interference in business and society and the economy- wanted cuts in welfare links to ideas of Nozick-'welfare is on par with forced labour
• Human imperfection


  traditional conservatives- humans are intellectually imperfect and require the help of those who are natural born leaders- Burke-'natural aristocracy' , they are dependent on them due to their own limitations, people desire security of knowing their place and paternalism with the state being this authority from above allows for this, the security that comes from hierarchy and social order ensures that human life is stable and predictable which is ultimately what the intellectually, morally and psychologically flawed human desires

  Liberal New Right believes that humans are rational and have more optimistic view of psychological and intellectual abilities meaning they do not see the need for state intervention the same way traditional conservatives do, humans are not that dependent and are rational enough to make their own choices, the fact that they are morally flawed may not be a bad thing but rather could be useful, the intervention of the state to provide security and stability is not necessary as the fact that we are greedy could be seen as good and natural- Rand
• To what extent do Conservatives agree about society

  Human Imperfection-One Nation and authoritarian conservatives agree that humans are naturally psychologically, morally and intellectually imperfect meaning that we are therefore very much dependent creatures, they believe humans are drawn to the safe and the familiar which organic society provides, organic society provides security and social order and humans are willing to sacrifice some of their freedom in order to have this - link to Hobbes and the social contract theory

  However neoliberals would hold a more optimistic view and would support the idea that humans are capable of rationality and therefore can be more independent without the organic society, they would argue that if everyone was left alone to fulfil their own self interests, the cohesion and equilibrium that a society would provide would still be the end result and it would prevent strong dependence on external factors
• Paternalism


  Authoritarian and One Nation Conservatives do support the idea that there is a responsibility towards those lower down in society and a sense of fatherly authority should be shown to them by those who are part of the natural aristocracy and are born leaders- Burke, this supports the need for an organic society in which everyone fulfils their different roles and responsibilities and there is a natural inequality within society as a result of differing levels of responsibility, they believe paternalism brings around social order and explains the distribution of power and privilege in society, it helps the naturally limited and flawed creatures

  Neo Liberals- More in favour of everyone fulfilling their own self interests without being responsible for or dependent on anyone else- Thatcher even said that there was no such thing as society and emphases individualism over collectivism
• Tradition


  Traditionally conservatives have believed that society is naturally hierarchical and as a result have accepted natural inequality within society, most generally under the belief that breaking the tradition of a hierarchy within society, an idea that had stood the test of time- Burke- ' society is a partnership between the living, the dead and those yet to be born' was not the correct thing do- there must be leaders and followers and social equality was a myth,

  however there was a move towards increased social welfare with one nation conservatism and Disraeli, there was attempt to stop society falling into two separate groups- rich and the poor, slight deviation however mainly consistent with traditional view of society and hierarchy in that everyone would not enjoy the same living standards as they do not have the same responsibilities

  Traditional Conservatives have more of a natural view of how society operates and why there is inequality within society- natural necessity for hierarchies to be fixed- Oakeshott- " the political world id bottomless and boundless" so it makes the most sense to stick to the tried and tested ideas of ancestors like noblesse oblige, from which came from feudal society

  New Right- believed that it was the actions of individuals that made up society and the hierarchies within it were not fixed but meritocratic where the most skilled, the hardest working ect. would make it to the top by seeking their own individual interests
• To what extent do Conservatives agree about the economy?

  Tradition- while all conservatives do support capitalism and the importance of free choice for the individual

  Traditional Conservatives were more aware/worried about the threats that capitalism posed to the existing traditional feudal order as the middle class began to become more wealthy and started to disrupt the existing social order, they saw that it challenged the feudal relationship- Hobbes envisioned the monarch making a number of interventions and engaging in redistribution in the interest of promoting peace and stability, ensure jobs were in plentiful supply and look out for the deserving poor

  There is some disagreement within traditional conservatives on this as Burke believed that too much intervention would leave society without the natural aristocracy it needed to provide jobs, he believed that the free market reflected a natural desire for wealth and that this was part of our human nature, free market was actually needed in order to conserve the order of society that has stood the test of time, it is incredibly important for tradition

  One Nation Conservatives promote ideas of compassionate conservatism within the economy and argue that it is important to ensure that the poor do not pose a threat to the established traditional order
• Paternalism


  One Nation and Authoritarian Conservatives support a paternalist view of the economy empahasising the duty of the natural aristocracy to look out for the less fortunate- noblesse oblige ,this for the most part promotes ideas of Keynesian Economics like with Harold Macmillan in the post war era where demand was managed in order to lower unemployment and offer basic aid. The Middle Way was promoted and the idea that it should not just be fully laissez faire but that it should include some elements of state planning came into being during his time in office- PLANNED CAPITALISM

  Differs considerably with New Right Liberals who believed that the hand of the state was 'dead' and caused inefficiency within the market. They were less in favour of ideas of paternalism as they believed this promoted dependency on external factors, have strong belief in market fundamentalism and protection of property rights as a result they would agree more with Nozick and his ideas of welfare being on par with forced labour as it transfers the justly acquired wealth of one person to another without consent
• Human imperfection


  All conservatives believe that humans are flawed and imperfect but the extent to which this is the case is where they disagree, Liberal New Right- accept that we are imperfect morally in that we are greedy and desire wealth but according to Rand- seen as a good and useful thing, she was a defender of ethical egoism as she believed it encourages the exercise of rational self- interest and striving to be outstanding, she believed the freedom to do this is only possible with pure laissez faire capitalism and Burke- the free market reflects a natural desire for wealth which is a not a bad thing

  They also believe that we are intellectually imperfect when it comes to the economy which means that due to market forces being above our understanding our intervention causes inefficiency

  Traditional Conservatives are more weary of the negative impacts that pure laissez faire capital has, One Nation- Disraeli, pure capitalism without any intervention for the poor or less fortunate can lead to a division into two Nations, the Rich and the Poor- are of the belief that humans are not as rational/psychologically able as New Right think they are which is why they need order and organic society- the negative impacts that pure capitalism has on the poor threatens this and that is an issue
• To what extent does the New Right Depart from traditional conservative beliefs?

  Society- It can be argued that the New Right- Neo Conservatives did not depart so much from traditional conservative beliefs about society, the traditional beliefs are that society operates as an organism in which different classes have different roles to play which allows social order and for society to function- organic society- this is how it has traditionally been and since " society is a partnership between those who are dead, living and yet to be born"- Burke it is important to uphold the traditional way in which society operated as it has stood the test of time and must have important value to it. Neoconservatives would agree with this supporting ideas of a natural hierarchy within society and argue that strengthened leadership and authority within society is necessary to avoid permissiveness which they believed would lead to social fragmentation.

  However Neoliberals would argue against the idea of an organic society and argue that everyone fulfilling their own interests is what would lead to cohesion, order and equilibrium. Some would even go as far to say that society doesn't exist in line with Thatcher and rather that it is just made up of the actions of self seeking individuals.
• Economy/ State


  Traditional Conservatives believe that due to the limitations that humans have, there needs to be a paternalistic approach with the state in terms of how they manage the economy, traditional conservatives are are in favour of more Keynesian style economic policies that helped those less fortunate due to the belief they have of the state having an obligation and responsibility for the poor which comes with the privilege of leadership, although authoritarian conservatives agreed with capitalism they also believed it was important for the property holders to uphold duty to the less fortunate and one nation are a lot more concerned with increasing economic welfare to help lower classes and reduce unemployment

  Neoconservatives believe that there should be a rolling back of the states economic responsibilities Neoliberals- in favour of decreased intervention in the economy, deregulation and privatisation, critical of welfare state - Nozick - 'welfare is forced labour' redistribution and common good undermine self ownership and encourage reliance on external factors- human are ration beings and are capable of making intelligent reason based choices, they d not need intervention but rather the market forces deliver efficiency- Rand 'radical for capitalism'- reason leads to support for egoism and strong belief in market fundamentalism /capitalism

  The New Right has very different views of the role of the state and it's intervention in the economy but neoconservatives do agree with traditional conservatives in the need for a strong state. They believe that authority and social discipline needs to be put into practice and that a strong but minimal state is capable of such- OVERALL NOT MUCH COHESION
• Human Nature


  Both Traditional and New Right Conservatives believe that humans are flawed and imperfect but the ways in which and the extent to which they are differ. Traditional and Neoliberals agree that humans are morally imperfect and that we are greedy/desire wealth, Traditional thinks that we are intellectually imperfect also and neoliberals agree but just when it comes to the economy which is why they resent the dead hand of the state as they believe humans are not capable of understanding the market forces in the economy- leads them to support market fundamentalism

  They both support the fact that we are in some ways intellectually and morally imperfect- Hobbes "human desire power after power" but the outcomes it leads them to differ

  Neoliberals do not see our moral imperfection and desire for wealth as an inherently bad thing- Rand supports idea of ethical egoism as she believed it encourages the exercise of rational self- interest and striving to be outstanding, she believed the freedom to do this is only possible with pure laissez faire capitalism Traditional conservatives would disagree as they saw this as a threat to the existing social order which the flawed, imperfect humans are dependent on for security and stability

  Neoliberals do not believe humans are as psychologically flawed and limited as traditional conservatives do and believe that human beings are capable of rationality which allows them to support more libertarian regimes
• To what extent can liberalism be considered a core conservative idea?

  Economy- All conservatives do believe in capitalism and freedom within the market but the extent to which they believe the market should be managed and controlled differs considerably

  Neoconservatives believe that there should be a rolling back of the states economic responsibilities and that there should be increased liberalism within the economy, they support the free market

  Neoliberals agree with them and are in favour of decreased intervention in the economy, deregulation and privatisation, critical of welfare state - Nozick - 'welfare is forced labour' redistribution and common good undermine self ownership and encourage reliance on external factors- human are rational beings and are capable of making intelligent reason based choices, they do not need intervention but rather the market forces deliver efficiency- Rand 'radical for capitalism'- reason leads to support for egoism and strong belief in market fundamentalism /capitalism

  However One Nation/ Authoritarian Conservatives are more concerned about the negative impacts that a pure laissez faire approach to the economy can have and the threat it can pose to the social order and hierarchy if an unsatisfied lower class were to gather and rebel

  Traditional Conservatives were more aware/worried about the threats that capitalism posed to the existing traditional feudal order as the middle class began to become more wealthy and started to disrupt the existing social order, they saw that it challenged the feudal relationship- Hobbes envisioned the monarch making a number of interventions and engaging in redistribution in the interest of promoting peace and stability, ensure jobs were in plentiful supply and look out for the deserving poor
• Society


  There is not much cohesion in terms of how liberalism should operate within society

  There is large disagreement within the New Right in terms of personal freedom and the extent to which it should be allowed. Neoconservatives feared that a lack of authority and leadership within society would lead to a lack of social discipline which is what they blamed for increasing crime and delinquency. They believe in reduced libertarianism and permissiveness within society in order to restore social order and public morality. Neoliberals however are more in favour of liberalism within society and have more of a commitment to individual liberty- are in favour of negative freedom and upholding individual rights- like property rights, they are in favour of idea that people owe nothing to society and are owed nothing from society

  Authoritarian Conservatives agree with importance of limited libertarianism- Due to human imperfection, we desire security and belonging which is brought about by social order- this order ensures human life is stable and predictable but liberty presents individuals with choices that generate change and uncertainty which gets rid of the stability that we crave, therefore we should be willing to give up liberty and freedom so this does not happen- Hobbes= be prepared to sacrifice liberty in the cause of social order
• State


  Neoliberals are anti-statist and therefore favour increased liberalism in this sense, they believe that the state is a realm of cohesion and restricts individual freedom as well as having a damaging effect on human affairs, they believe the state should be very much limited in terms of the powers that it has and rather individuals should be encouraged to be self reliant and make rational choices to seek their own interests. They have adopted libertarian ideas about the role of the state over the paternalistic ones, they believe when the state interferes and limits liberty through nationalization and regulation for example it leads to increased inefficiency and discourages enterprise

  Authoritarian and One Nation Conservatives are in favour of more state intervention and take a more paternalistic approach to what they believe the role of the state should be- natural aristocracy and the noblesse oblige- the state has the responsibility to get involved in whatever way necessary to promote One Nation

  Neoconservatives- strong state needed to create order and uphold traditional values,- not very libertarian

  Neoliberals-moral issues should be left to individuals
• To what extent is conservatism a coherent ideology?

  Economy- All conservatives do believe in capitalism and freedom within the market but the extent to which they believe the market should be managed and controlled differs considerably

  Neoconservatives believe that there should be a rolling back of the states economic responsibilities and that there should be increased liberalism within the economy, they support the free market

  Neoliberals agree with them and are in favour of decreased intervention in the economy, deregulation and privatisation, critical of welfare state - Nozick - 'welfare is forced labour' redistribution and common good undermine self ownership and encourage reliance on external factors- human are rational beings and are capable of making intelligent reason based choices, they do not need intervention but rather the market forces deliver efficiency- Rand 'radical for capitalism'- reason leads to support for egoism and strong belief in market fundamentalism /capitalism

  However One Nation/ Authoritarian Conservatives are more concerned about the negative impacts that a pure laissez faire approach to the economy can have and the threat it can pose to the social order and hierarchy if an unsatisfied lower class were to gather and rebel

  Traditional Conservatives were more aware/worried about the threats that capitalism posed to the existing traditional feudal order as the middle class began to become more wealthy and started to disrupt the existing social order, they saw that it challenged the feudal relationship- Hobbes envisioned the monarch making a number of interventions and engaging in redistribution in the interest of promoting peace and stability, ensure jobs were in plentiful supply and look out for the deserving poor
• Human Nature


  Both Traditional and New Right Conservatives believe that humans are flawed and imperfect but the ways in which and the extent to which they are differ. Traditional and Neoliberals agree that humans are morally imperfect and that we are greedy/desire wealth, Traditional thinks that we are intellectually imperfect also and neoliberals agree but just when it comes to the economy which is why they resent the dead hand of the state as they believe humans are not capable of understanding the market forces in the economy- leads them to support market fundamentalism

  They both support the fact that we are in some ways intellectually and morally imperfect- Hobbes "human desire power after power" but the outcomes it leads them to differ

  Neoliberals do not see our moral imperfection and desire for wealth as an inherently bad thing- Rand supports idea of ethical egoism as she believed it encourages the exercise of rational self- interest and striving to be outstanding, she believed the freedom to do this is only possible with pure laissez faire capitalism Traditional conservatives would disagree as they saw this as a threat to the existing social order which the flawed, imperfect humans are dependent on for security and stability

  Neoliberals do not believe humans are as psychologically flawed and limited as traditional conservatives do and believe that human beings are capable of rationality which allows them to support more libertarian regimes
• Society


  Society-authority is rooted into the nature of society and an organic society with interdependency and rich looking out for poor is what is best according to traditional conservatives- there must be leaders and there must be followers, leaders look out for followers and paternalism protects the interests of those lower in society and ensures that they are taken into consideration- Disraeli, prevents society from becoming two nations- the Rich and the Poor

  Neo liberals- although they agree that there is inevitable inequality within society, they are more in favour of individualism, they worry that paternalism within society leads to a dependency culture developing where people become too reliant on external support- may agree with Samuel Smiles, heaven helps those who help themselves