General Biology

• may either be asexual or sexual.

  Reproduction
• produced from one parent and the offspring is identical to the parent

  Asexual
• Asexual


  Occurs in mitosis
• Asexual


  Occurs in most plants, bacteria, protists, and low invertebrates
• Asexual (advantage)


  identical to parent so it will get all good characteristics, only one parent involved, no searching for mates, requires less energy.
• Asexual (disadvantage)


  identical to parent so it will also get bad characteristics and is less able to adapt to the environment, same DNA being passed down→ NO GENETIC VARIATION IN THE OFFSPRING, if parent has genetic disease offspring will have it too.
• Binary Fission


  used by bacteria, an organism whose cells do not contain a nucleus copy then divide into two identical organisms. bacteria
• Budding


  a new individual develops from an outgrowth of a parent, splits off, and lives independently. hydra
• Vegetative Propagation


  results in a new plant that is genetically identical to the parent plant (a clone). strawberry plant, vegetables, and crops
• Sporulation 


  organism forms spores as a means of asexual reproduction. bread mold, mushrooms
• Regeneration 


  organism uses cell division to regrow body parts.

  starfish, salamande
• Sexual


  Two parents

  Occurs in meiosis

  Offspring are a combination of both parents and are therefore different from each parent.
• Sexual (advantage)


  variety and/or diversity of offspring (color, shape, size, intelligence, ability, etc.), More able to adapt to environmental changes.
• Sexual (disadvantages)


  uniqueness, sometimes traits needed for survival are not passed on, must find a mate, requires more cellular energy, more time required for offspring development.
• Plants


  when the reproductive cells of _ (pollinate) the reproductive cells of another _. This produces seeds that can grow into a new _
• Animal


  when the reproductive cells of one _ fertilize the reproductive cells of another _. This produces a baby (embryo)
• Internally


  The egg is fertilized by sperm inside the female

  Mammals, birds, reptiles, insects, spiders
• Externally


  -The egg is fertilized by sperm outside the female

  -The female lays the eggs and then the male fertilizes them.

  -Fish and some amphibians

  -Plants and fungi (pollen and spores)
• Color Display


  -plants and animals use this for reproduction.

  -plants use their physical characteristics to attract pollinators.

  -some plants have bright

  -colored flowers to attract insects and thus enabling the transfer of pollen from one flower to another.

  -some animals use this to attract a mate.
• Sexual Selection


  -a distinguishing characteristic of animals, wherein some male species compete with other males to copulate with females.

  -this allows successful transfer of genes from one generation to the next
• extend their species


  main goal of reproduction of animals ands plants
• Nutrition


  Is the process of providing or obtaining food necessary for health, survival, and growth of an organism.
• Nutrition


  In this process, an organism takes in, digests, and uses the different substances (nutrients) obtained from various food sources.
• Nutrition


  These substances, called nutrients, provide energy for the organism’s metabolic processes such as growth, maintenance, reproduction, and even immunity.
• Autotrophic


  can manufacture their own nutrients
• Photoautotrophic


  directly use the energy from the sun and other inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water to form organic food.
• Chemoautotrophic


  use chemicals to create simpler organic substances.

  • most bacteria that live in extreme environments such as volcanoes and deep-sea vents.
• Saprophytic or saprotrophic


  organisms obtain their nutrients from dead organic matter.
• Parasitic


  an organism takes food from another organism.
• Parasite


  The organism that takes food
• Host


  the organism from where the food is taken
• Ectoparasitism


  this happens when the parasite is outside the body of the host.
• Endoparasitism


  involves parasites that live inside the body of the host
• Holozoic


  organisms ingest solid or liquid food. The food is then digested by the body.
• Heterotrophic


  cannot make their own food, and thus obtain their energy by digesting organic matter.
• Herbivorous


  take in only plants as source of their energy.
• Carnivorous


  organisms that eat other animals
• Omnivorous


  organisms that take in both plants and animals.
• Gas Exchange


  Required for different metabolic reactions to proceed.
• Gas exchange


  an important biological process that allows organisms to survive