Applied anatomy and physiology

• What are flat bones used for?

  protect vital organs
• What are long bones used for?

  gross (large) movements
• What are short bones used for?

  finer controlled movements
• What are irrgular bones used for?

  specifically shaped to protect
• What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?

  1. support
  2. protection of vital organs
  3. allow movement
  4. shape and structure
  5. blood cell production
  6. storage of minerals
• What is a synovial joint?


  an area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet
• What is in the synovial joint?

  • tendons
  • bursae
  • cartilage
  • synovial fluid
  • ligaments
  • synovial membrane
  • joint capsule
• What does the tendon do?

  very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone
• What does the bursae do?


  a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone
• What does cartilage do?


  a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction
• What does the synovial fluid do?


  a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together
• What do the ligaments do?


  bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping joints stable by restricting movement
• What does the synovial memebrane do?


  the lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid
• What does the joint capsule?

  tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together
• What are the back muscles?

  • deltoid
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • latissimus dorsi
• Wh is an isotonic contraction?


  muscle length changes
• What are the two types of isotonic contraction and what happens to the muscle?


  ~ concentric: shortens

  ~ eccentric: length
• What is an isometric contraction?


  muscle length remains the same
• What is tidal volume?


  normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath
• How is tidal volume effected during exercise?

  increases
• What is expiratory reserve volume?


  amount of air that can be forced out the lungs after tidal volume
• How is expiratory reserve volume effected during exercise?

  decreases
• What is inspiratory reserve volume?


  the amount of air that can be forced into the lungs after tidal volume
• How is inspiratory reserve volume effected during exercise?

  decreases
• What is residual volume?


  amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration
• How is residual volume effected during exercise?

  no change
• What is vital capacity?


  the largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after deepest possible inspiration
• What is vasoconstriction?


  the narrowing of the internal diamter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow
• What is vasodilation?


  the widening of the internal diamter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow
• What is the equation for cardiac output?

  cardiac output = stroke volume × heart rate
• what is the equation for aerobic exercise?


  glucose + oxygen → (energy +) carbon dioxide + water
• what is the equation for anaerobic exercise?


  glucose → (energy +) lactic acid
• What is excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)?


  the oxygen debt as the result of muscles respiring anaerobically during vigorous exercise and producing lactic acid
• What are the methods of recovery after vigorous exercise (+what do they do)?

  • cool down – maintain elevated breathing rate/heart rate (blood flow), stretching helps removal of lactic acid • manipulation of diet – rehydration, carbohydrates for energy • ice baths/massage – prevention of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
• What are the short term effects of exercise (up to 36hrs after)?


  • tiredness/fatigue

  • light headedness

  • nausea

  • aching/delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)/cramp
• What are the immediate effects of exercise (during exercise)?



  • hot/sweaty/red skin

  • increase in depth and frequency of breathing

  • increased heart rate
• What are the long term effects of exercise (months and years after)?


  •body shape may change

  • improvements in specific components of fitness

  • build muscle strength

  • improve muscular endurance

  • improve speed

  • improve suppleness

  • build cardio vascular endurance

  • improve stamina

  • increase in the size of the heart (hypertrophy)

  • lower resting heart rate (bradycardia).