Environment, health and wellbeing

• what is health?


  physical, mental and social wellbeing - can be measured using mortality and morbidity rates
• what is the infant mortality rate?

  infants that die per 1000 live births
• what is the difference between mortality and morbidity?

  Mortality: death rate Morbidity: illness or disease rate
• what is the prevalence rate?

  total number cases of a disease in a population at a given time divided by the total population
• what is the incidence rate?

  The number of new cases of a specific disease or condition within a population during a specific time period
• what is the epidemiological transition?

  Shift in the pattern of diseases from infectious to chronic diseases as a result of social and economic development
• what is the epidemiological transition model?

  Describes changing patterns of population health and disease
• describe stage one of the epidemiological transition model?

  age of pestilence and famine- infectious disease, many pandemics, high mortality due to disease, life expectancy 20-40 years
• describe stage two of the epidemiological transition model?

  age of receding pandemics - advances in technology and medicine, social change, less infectious disease - life expectancy 30-50 years
• describe stage three of the epidemiological transition model?

  age of degenerative and man-made diseases - developments in society creating diseases e.g. coronary heart disease from lack of exercise, infectious diseases are low
• how can topography influence the incidence of disease?

  influence a disease's ability to spread e.g. low lying areas prone to water borne diseases
• how can extreme weather events influence incidence of disease?

  bring disease after they strike, particularly water borne diseases where the natural hazard has caused sanitation systems to fail
• how can climate influence incidence of disease?

  certain climates suited for certain diseases, e.g. warm and humid conditions of the tropics. exacerbated by socio-economic disadvantages e.g. these diseases impact HIC's little so little money has been invested in researching these diseases.
• how many deaths were caused by malaria in 2018?

  405,000
• what can a lack of exposure to sunlight cause?

  • bone pain, muscle weakness, and rickets

  • seasonal affective disorder
• what can overexposure to sunlight cause?

  • skin cancer
• which country has the highest skin cancer rates in the world?

  australia
• what percentage of the global population live in unsatisfactory air quality?

  91%
• what is ambient air pollution?

  outdoor air pollution
• what is ambient air pollution caused by?

  Natural: forest fires, dust storms...

  Anthropogenic (human): fossil fuel combustion, industrial facilities, waste sites, use of polluting fuels in homes
• what is household air pollution?


  Indoor pollutants from cooking, heating, and lighting, asbestos, mold
• what are health issues concerning air pollution?

  Respiratory diseases, lung cancer, eye/nose/throat irritation
• what does poor water quality lead to?

  prevalence of diarrhoeal disease
• what is the leading cause of death in children under the age of 5 globally?

  diarrhoeal diseases
• what is the water quality like in many LIC's?

  poor - many people in LIC's use same water to clean themselves, cleaning livestock, washing up, dumping human waste, and drinking - faecal matter can cause illness and spread disease
• how might toxicants pollute water?

  factories may dump toxic waste into water, pesticides and fungicides may enter water supplies after rainfall
• According to WHO how many people are without access to clean water?

  1.1 billion - about 1 in 6 people
• what is the WHO's aim in promoting health and combatting disease?

  Global health equity - providing leadership on health matters, shaping the research agenda, setting norms and standards, monitoring health situation
• what is the FAO's aim in promoting health and combatting disease?

  mitigation strategies to prevent hunger - food and agricultural organisation
• how much external health aid do NGO's provide to developing countries?

  20%
• what is OXFAM's aim in promoting health and combatting disease?

  founded in 1943 - eradicate poverty globally - works with countries in need, providing clean water, sanitisation
• what is the role of international agencies and NGO's in promoting health and combatting disease?

  raise profile of disease and plight of those affected, educate sufferers, promote research
• what is the UN's sustainable goal 3?

  Good health and well-being
• name 3 goals of the UN sustainable development goal 3

  • by 2030 reduce global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 1000 live births
  • by 2030 end epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water borne diseases and other communicable diseases
  • by 2020 halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents