all of 4th quarter

• Latitude


  Measures the distance north or south of the equator
• Latitude lines


  Start at the equator (0 degrees latitude) and run east and west, parallel to the equator
• Equator


  A circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres
• On Earth, the Equator is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, about 40,075 km in circumference, halfway between the North and South poles
• Longitude

  Measures distance east or west of the prime meridian
• Lines of longitude


  Also called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth and run north to south from pole to pole
• Prime meridian


  The line of 0° longitude, the starting point for measuring distance both east and west around Earth
• The prime meridian is arbitrary, meaning it could be chosen to be anywhere
• The imaginary lines of latitude and longitude intersect each other, forming a grid that covers Earth
• Coordinates


  The points of latitude and longitude that can be used together to locate any point on Earth
• Latitude and longitude


  Broken into degrees, minutes, seconds and directions, starting with latitude
• An area with coordinates marked 41° 56' 54.3732" N, 87° 39' 19.2024" W would be read as 41 degrees, 56 minutes, 54.3732 seconds north; 87 degrees, 39 minutes, 19.2024 seconds west
• Tropical Zone


  The Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, where countries experience a tropical climate with an annual average temperature above 18°C
• Temperate Zone


  Between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the north, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the south, where countries go through four seasons
• Polar Region or Frigid Zone


  Areas within the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle, where temperatures never go above 10°C even in summer
• Using latitude and longitude is not the only way to describe the location of a certain area, another way is by identifying the landmasses and bodies of water that are found in that area
• Natural resources


  Materials that can be used to support life and provide energy, supplied by the sun or Earth's natural processes
• Renewable resources


  Natural resources that can be replenished or regenerated naturally over time, either through natural processes or human intervention
• Non-renewable resources


  Natural resources that exist in finite quantities and cannot be replenished or regenerated within a human lifespan or over geological timescales
• Atmosphere


  A layer of gases surrounding a planet or other celestial body held in place by gravity
• Troposphere


  The layer closest to the Earth's surface, where weather occurs and contains the majority of the atmosphere's mass
• Stratosphere


  Above the troposphere, where the temperature generally increases with altitude due to the ozone layer
• Mesosphere


  Above the stratosphere, where temperatures decrease with altitude again
• Thermosphere


  Beyond the mesosphere, where temperatures increase significantly with altitude due to the absorption of solar radiation
• Exosphere


  The outermost layer of the Earth's atmosphere, where atmospheric particles escape into space
• Ionosphere


  Part of Earth's upper atmosphere, between 80 and 600 km, where Extreme UltraViolet (EUV) and x-ray solar radiation ionizes the atoms and molecules
• Greenhouse


  A structure primarily made of glass or transparent material, designed to cultivate plants by controlling environmental factors
• Greenhouse gases


  Gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth by absorbing the wavelengths of radiation that a planet emits
• Greenhouse effect


  The process by which certain gases in Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the Sun, warming the planet's surface
• Enhanced Greenhouse Effect


  Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, enhancing the greenhouse effect
• Global warming


  The long-term warming of the planet's overall temperature, significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels
• Climate change


  Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, primarily driven by human activities and the burning of fossil fuels
• Air


  A fluid substance that moves in response to differences in pressure, temperature, and density
• Breezes


  Light winds characterized by their gentle and refreshing nature, driven by temperature and pressure differences in the atmosphere
• Sea breeze


  A local wind system characterized by a flow from sea to land during the day
• Land breeze


  A local wind system characterized by a flow from land to water late at night
• Monsoon


  A seasonal wind pattern characterized by a reversal of wind direction, accompanied by significant changes in precipitation
• Amihan


  The Filipino term for Northeast monsoon, a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia and China and blowing down to Southeast Asia
• Southwest monsoon (Habagat)


  A warm moist wind from the southwest causing rains over the western portion of the Philippines from May to September
• Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)

  A belt of low pressure near the equator where the trade winds from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres converge, playing a significant role in shaping global weather patterns