SOCIAL PSYCH FINAL

• Stages of Group Development

  1. Forming

  2. Storming

  3. Norming

  4. Performing

  5. Adjourning
• Group cohesiveness


  The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals
• Social facilitation


  A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks
• Mere presence theory


  The proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects
• Evaluation apprehension theory


  A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators
• Distraction-conflict theory


  A theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict
• Social loafing


  A group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled
• Collective effort model


  The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value
• Deindividuation


  The loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior
• Social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)


  A model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity
• Process loss


  The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation
• Brainstorming


  A technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others' contributions
• Factors That Reduce the Effectiveness of Group Brainstorming

  • Production blocking
  • Free riding
  • Evaluation apprehension
  • Performance matching
• Group polarization


  The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion
• Groupthink


  A group decision-making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence
• Escalation effect


  The condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made
• Biased sampling


  The tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members)
• Transactive memory


  A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone
• Group support systems


  Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision-making processes
• Social dilemma


  A situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone
• Prisoner's dilemma


  A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appearsto be in one's self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated
• Resource dilemmas


  Social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource
• Solving Social Dilemmas: Psychological Factors


  • Individual and cultural differences
  • Situational factors
  • Group dynamics
• Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT)


  A strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties
• Integrative agreement


  A negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources
• Need for Affiliation


  The desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships
• Loneliness


  A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations
• Mere Exposure Effect


  The phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus
• What-is-beautiful-is-good Stereotype


  The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics
• Matching Hypothesis


  The proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness
• Reciprocity


  A mutual exchange between what we give and receive - for example, liking those who like us
• Hard-to-get Effect


  The tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available
• Intimate Relationship


  A close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence
• Social Exchange Theory


  A perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others
• Equity Theory


  The theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners
• Exchange Relationship


  A relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions
• Communal Relationship


  A relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other's needs
• Attachment Styles


  • Secure
  • Avoidant
  • Anxious
• Triangular Theory of Love


  A theory proposing that love has three basic components - intimacy, passion, and commitment - that can be combined to produce eight subtypes
• 8 Subtypes of Love

  • Empty Love
  • Romantic Love
  • Fatuous Love
  • Companionate Love
  • Infatuated Love
  • Liking
  • Consummate Love
  • Non-Love