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Endoparasites
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Charlotte Morris
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Direct Lifecycle
parasite reaches
sexual maturity
on
host or
environment
(e.g.
fleas
)
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Indirect lifecycle
Parasite
requires
another
host
for
development
(e.g.
tapeworm
)
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Definitive Host
where
sexual reproduction
of the parasite takes place
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Intermediate
host
Essential
for the parasite's lifecycle, where the parasite
matures
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Paratenic
host
Not essential for
lifecycle
but may contain
parasite
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What are trematodes?
Flatworms
/
flukes
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What are cestodes
tapeworms
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What are Nematodes
roundworm
,
lungworm
,
pinworm
,
hookworm
,
bloodworm
, etc.
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What is the structure of a tapeworm
- head (
scolex
)
- segments
(proglottid
s)
- Maturing segments
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How do tapeworms reproduce?
- eggs
develop
in the
segment
-
gravid proglottids
usually
shed
from
strobila
and pass out with
faeces
of host
- Eggs released into environment by
disintegration
of the segment or
shed
through
opening
in
segment
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What are the common tapeworms
-
Dipylidium
caninum
-
Taenia
spp.
-
Echinococcus
spp.
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Dipylidium Caninum
- dog and cat
tapeworm
(
cestode
)
-
Fleas
often act as the
intermediate host
-
Flea
larvae eat eggs of tapeworm ∴ if host swallows flea, worms are released into
intestines
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Taenia
Species
- more commonly in
cats
- intermediate hosts = birds, squirrels, mice, sheep etc.
-Taenia
Taeniaeformis
=
feline
tapeworm (found in
raw
meat
)
-Taenia
Hydatigena
=
canine
tapeworm (from eating
infected
offal
)
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Echinococcus
Granulosus
- adult
tapeworm
found in dogs
- eggs can survive in environment for a year
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What is the structure of a roundworm
-
round
in cross section
-
no
segments
-
whitish
or
pinkish
brown colour
-
taper
at
both
ends
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Toxocara Spp.
-
roundworms
(
nematodes
)
- may be spread by
trans
placenta
and
trans
mammary
routes
-
zoonotic
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Toxocara
Canis
- Canine
roundworm
- Found in small intestine
-
zoonotic
causes
Human toxocariasis
-> causes
blindness
after being ingested via contact with contaminated
soil
/
faeces
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toxocara canis routes of infection
4
main routes of infection
- via the
environment
- via the
placenta
-
trans-mammary
- via a
paratenic host
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Toxocara cati
-
Feline
roundworm
- similar to toxocara canis but distinguished by the
alae
(
wings
) on
either side
of
head
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toxocara cati routes of infection
3 main routes of infection
- via
environment
- via a paratenic host (development doesn't occur)
-
trans-mammary
=>
milk
NOT placenta
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Toxoascaris Leonina
-
cat
and
dog
roundworm
- no
pro-natal
infection
- 2 main routes of infection -> via
environment
, via
paratenic
host
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Angiostrongylus Vasorum
Lu
ngworm
adults live in pulmonary artery
Acquired from ingestion of infected snail
Damage to
lungs/alveoli
and potentially
block pulmonary
artery
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General worming recommendations for puppies and kitten
- from
2
weeks
, should be treated every
2
weeks
up to age of
12 weeks
- Then,
every 4 weeks
up to
6
months of age
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General worming recommendations for adult dogs and cats
-atleast
4
times a year
(every
3
months)
- cats that
hunt
should be treated
monthly
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Fasciola hepatica
-
Liver fluke
of
cattle
,
sheep
, and other
ruminants
- causes considerable
tissue damage
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Alaria Spp.
- A.
Canis
and A.
alata
=
intestinal fluke
in dogs, cats, foxes and other wild carnivores
- can cause
haemorrhage
and
lung damage
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Which cestode, not endemic in the UK, does the Pet Travel Scheme guard against?
Echinococcus multilocularis
(
tapeworm
)
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What is toxocara canis' lifecycle
Direct lifecycle
eggs passed into
faeces
eggs
ingested
larvae
hatch
in
small
intestine
and
penetrate
wall
larvae
migrate
to
all organs
via
bloodstream
adults
live in animals
small
intestine
Clinical signs of toxocara
vomiting
diarrhoea
swelling
of abdomen
'pot-belly'
look
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