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Biology unit 1
1.1
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Features common to plant and animal cells
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm
Where chemical
reactions
that make up life take place
Cell membrane
Controls what
enters
and
exits
the cell
Nucleus
Contains
DNA
Mitochondria
Carries out
aerobic
respiration, supplies cells with
energy
Plant cells
Have cell wall made of
cellulose
Have
central vacuole
filled with
sap
Plant cells
Have
chloroplasts
that absorb light for
photosynthesis
Sperm cells
Have little cytoplasm and a tail to
swim
fast toward the
egg
Red blood cells
Have lost their nuclei and are packed with
haemoglobin
to carry
oxygen
around the body
Xylem cells
Form tubes which carry
water
to the plant, cell walls are thick, cytoplasm dies off to leave a
hollow
tube
Levels of organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Tissue
A group of similar
cells
with similar
functions
Organ
A collection of
tissues
that do specific
functions
Organ system
A collection of several
organs
that work together
Organism
The whole animal or plant
Diffusion
is the passing movement of substances down a
concentration
gradient
Cell membrane
forms a selectively permeable barrier that allows diffusion of
water
Active transport
is an
active
process by which substances can enter cells against a concentration gradient
Enzymes
Proteins made by living
cells
which
catalyse
the rate of chemical reactions
High temperatures and
extremes
can
denature
an enzyme
Enzyme
catalysis
1. Enzyme and substrate collide
2. Enzyme-substrate complex forms
3. Catalysis occurs
4. Products are
released
Substrate
The substance that an enzyme acts upon
Prokaryotic
cells
a cell which does not have a
nucleus
- the
DNA
strands are free in the cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cells
a cell which has a
nucleus
,
eukaryotic
cells also have other structures in the cytoplasm which have membranes around them
Stem
cells
embryonic stem cells -
undifferentiated
, have potential to turn into any cell
adult stem cells - found in
bone marrow
, can only form a certain cell ( eg
blood cells
)
Uses of stem cells
replaces faulty blood cells
making
insulin
producing cells
making
nerve
cells
Bacterial
cells
Prokaryotic
cells
contain a
plasmid
cell splits into
two
For embryonic stem cell research
curing
patients
with stem cells are
more
important than the
rights
of embryos
they are only using
unwanted
embryos
from fertility clinics, which would normally be
destroyed
Against embryonic stem cell research
embryos are
human
life
scientists should find
other
sources
of stem cells ( eg
adult
stem cells )
Stem cells in plants
found in
meristem
produce
clones
of plants
can grow crops with
specific
features
( eg
disease
resistant )
Examples of tissues, organs and organ systems
tissue
- bone muscle, blood, xylem, epidermis
organs
- kidney, brain, heart, leaf, flower
organ
systems
- digestive system, nervous system, shoot system