SCIENCE

• Combination (Reaction)


  Occurs when two or more substance (reactants) combine and form compound (product)
• Decomposition (Reaction)


  Occurs when single compound breaks down into two or more simpler compound
• Single Replacement (Reaction)


  One element replaces another element in a compound
• Double Replacement (Reaction)


  This involves changing of ions to form new compounds
• Combination Reaction


  Occurs when two or more substance (reactants) combine and form compound (product)
• Combination Reaction


  A + B → A B
• Combination Reaction


  • 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl
  • Mg + N₂
• Decomposition Reaction


  Occurs when single compound breaks down into two or more simpler compound
• Decomposition Reaction


  A B → A + B
• Decomposition Reaction


  • NaCl → Na + Cl
• Diatonic Elements


  Many nonmetals are NOT STABLE if a single atom alone. These non metals pair up atoms to make diatonic molecules
• Single Replacement Reaction


  One element replaces another element in a compound
• Single Replacement Reaction


  1. A + BC → B + AC

  2. AB + C → AC + B
• Single Replacement Reaction


  • 2HCl + Zn
• Single Replacement Reaction


  • Two non metals or two metals must be separated and must combined with its opposite group
  • Replacement of element must be metal to metal or non metals to non metals
• Single Replacement Reaction


  • CuCl₂ + Zn
• Double Replacement Reaction


  This involves changing of ions to form new compounds
• Double Replacement Reaction


  AB + CD → AD + CB
• Double Replacement Reaction


  • BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄ → BaSO₄ + 2NaCl
• Polyatomic Ions


  A polyatomic ion is a covalent bonded set of two or more atoms, or of a metal complex, that can be considered to behave as a single unit and that has a net charge that is not zero
• Double Replacement Reaction


  • BaCl₂ + Na₂SO₄
• Reactant


  Substance that enters a chemical reaction
• Product


  Substance produced in a chemical reaction
• Writing Chemical Equation

  1. Group and list

  2. Count atoms

  3. Choose imbalanced element

  4. Find the LCM and Multiply coefficient

  5. Recount the step 3
• Boyle's Law:

  • Stated as: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (where P₁ and V₁ are initial pressure and volume, and P₂ and V₂ are final pressure and volume). • In simpler terms, for a fixed amount of ga] s at constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional. If you increase the pressure, the volume will decrease, and vice versa.
• Robert Boyles (1627- 1691): Known for his law of gases, Boyle was 17th century pioneer of modern chemistry Relates pressure and volume at constant temperature (amount of gas is fixed).
• Properties of Gas:

  • Gas Pressure

  • Gas temperature

  • Volume

  • Quantity
• Gas Pressure •Is described as a acting forces on a specific area. Pressure (P)= Force
• Gas Temperature • Measure of the warmth or coldness of the body. •Measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an

  object.
• Charles' Law

  • Relates volume and temperature at constant pressure (amount of gas is fixed). • Stated as: V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂ (where T₁ and V₁ are initial temperature and volume, and T₂ and V₂ are final temperature and volume). • In simpler terms, for a fixed amount of gas at constant pressure, volume is directly proportional to temperature. If you increase the temperature, the volume will increase, and vice versa (assuming the container can hold the expanded gas).
• In Charles' Law, volume is directly proportional to temperature.
• In Boyle's Law, pressure and volume are inversely proportional.
• Biomolecules - are organic molecules essential for life, found in all living organisms.
• Organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
• Carbohydrates - are organic compounds comprising elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, found in various forms in nature. They serve as a primary source of energy, aid in nutrient absorption, provide structural support, facilitate cellular communication, and promote digestive health through dietary fiber.
• Carbohydrates - Classified into simple (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) types, they are crucial for maintaining overall health and should be consumed in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
• Nucleic Acids - are macromolecules composed of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. DNA and RNA are two types of nucleic acids with distinct structures and functions. Nucleic acids store genetic information, regulate gene expression, and facilitate protein synthesis.
• Sources of Carbohydrates:

  • Bread • Rice • Potatoes • wheat/oat
• Sources of Lipids:

  • Cheese • Fatty fish • Butter • cooking oil • Whole milk
• Lipids - are diverse organic molecules crucial for life, serving roles such as energy storage, cell membrane structure, and signaling.