Alex II/III Russification + minorities + Jews

• Political loyalty would be best preserved through the policy of Russification
• Pogroms were encouraged to divert attention from real problems
• 100+ ethnic groups
• Polish rebellion 1863 


  Sent brother to deal with it

  • 200k+ poles had created an underground government + guerrilla warfare but crushed in 1864
• Alex ii 


  No systemic persecution of racial minorities and used concessions as a means of control
• Alex ii 


  1864 + 1875 = Decrees allowed Latvians and Estonians to revert to Lutheranism where previously orthodoxy was demanded

  Finns gained their own parliament and attempted to keep good relations
• Alex ii

  Period of intolerance at end of reign - increased reactions from ministers keen to enforce regime

  Prohibition of Ukrainian languages in publications pr performances in 1876 - aggressive by Alex iii
• Alex iii + Pobedonostev

  Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality
• Finlands Parliament was rearranged to be politically weakened, Russian language use was demanded increasingly, independant postal service abolished, Russian coinage replaced local currency
• 1855 - Polish National Bank closed and schools and universities were forced to teach everything in Russian, even polish literature in Russian translation - administration curbed to halt independance
• 1855 - 1889 : measures enforced Russian in all offices elemtary and secondary schools, the police and the judiciary

  Uni of Dorpar - Iurev University
• Russification extended to Belorussia, Georgia and Ukraine - conscripts disposed to prevent national groupings - business in entirely Russian
• Merciless suppressions : Georgia 1892 + Bashkira 1884 + Uzbek and Armenia 1886
• Baltic - 37,000 converted to orthodoxy to advantage of special treatments
• Asia - russian missionary society worked to convert heathens and Muslims = forced mass baptisms
• 1883 - Members of non-orthodox churches couldn’t build new places of worship, wear religious dress or spread propaganda - punishable by exile to Siberia
• June 1888 - 332 mass disturbances in 61/92 provinces
• Resentment amongst educated wealthy poles and Finns and west empire.

  Constantly petitioned for more liberties and secret publication of local language books continued, some ethnic schools survived and fanned flames of resentment and revolution
• Opposite effect of what it intended
• Intensified national resentment
• Alex ii and Jews

  Allowed wealthier Jews to settle outside of pale of settlement but after. Polish revolt he reduced their gov posts and this fuelled anti-semetism
• Alex iii and Jews

  Pobedonstev - inflammatory slogans - beat the yids - save Russia - one third should die, emigrate and assimilate
• Alex iii and Jews

  antismetic on religous grounds - right wing press also orchestrated their involvement with Alex ii assassination - fear of opposition involvement
• Alex iii and Jews

  Labeled christ killers

  Jewish before Russian - opposed Russification

  Lived in poverty - pale exaggerated problems as they’re all together
• Pogroms 1881-1884 


  No reason for stating - railways contracts and Okhrana linking them to Alex ii

  Authorities did nothing to curb violence

  16 main cities affected

  Smashed windows, burned synagogues, murder, rape and child death

  Many left to escape persecution
• 1886 - Jews can’t be involved in board of orphans
• 1886 - Can only sell alcohol from home
• 1887 - Graduated outside of Russia - can’t live outside of pale

  1887 - School and uni quotas - 10% within pale - 5% outside and 3% in capitals - prohibited from settling in Finland
• 1889 - special permit from minister of justice to be elected to bar
• 1892- Banned from local elections and Dumas - mining industry closed to Jews
• Guided Jews to Marxist socialist organisations - Trotsky, Zinoviev were Jews
• 100k tartar Muslims forced to convert to Christianity