B6 - Structure, Function, Disorders of Digestive System

• Enzymes are proteins that catalyse reactions in the body

  • Amlayses - catalyse the breakdown of carbohydrates into simple sugars
  • Proteases - catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids
  • Lipases - catalyse the breakdown of fats into fatty acids/glycerol
• Describe the effects and causes of Coeliac disease

  -Coeliac disease is cause by a reaction to chemicals in gluten.

  -Immune response attacks the lining of the small intestine.

  
  

  Symptoms

  • feelings of sickness/ nausea
  • constipation
  • bloating
  • Abdominal pain
  • wind
• Four organs of the digestive system

  • stomach
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • colon
• Function of saliva

  • Lubricates food to make swallowing easier
• Explain how vili in the gut is adapted to carry out its function

  • Increases the surface area to increase absorption of nutrients
  • One cell thick, so a short diffusion path
• Describe the breakdown of food in the digestive system

  • There is chemical and mechanical digestion
  • The teeth break down the food into small pieces
  • Amalyse in the mouth starts the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
  • The stomach mixes the food with the acid to break to down further and produces chime
  • Most of the chemical digestion happens in the small intestine
  • Enzymes produced in the gut wall and in the pancreas
• Two symptoms of hepatitis infection

  • Itchy skin - caused by toxins in the blood
  • Liver is infected leading to liver failure
• Role of Peristalsis in digestive system

  • Muscle contractions - to move the food

  Role of Absorption in digestive system

  • Movement of nutrients into bloodstream
• Role of Amino Acids in the body

  • Amino acids can form long chains used for enzymes or growth/repair such as collagen, lipase
• Four structures in the alimentary canal

  1. Mouth
  2. Anus
  3. Stomach
  4. Colon
• Role of Oesophagus


  ..
• Function of Stomach

  • Releases acids and enzymes for the chemical breakdown of food
  • Digests food and sends it to the small intestine
• Function of dudodenum

  • Site of digestion - food mixed with enzymes
  • Absorbs nutrients through a large surface area
• Function of Ileum

  • Absorption of fats
  • Access and transfer antigens
• Function of Colon

  • Water Absorption
  • Absorption of Vitamins/ Minerals
• Function of Liver


  Stores glucose as glycogen

  Produces bile as fat digestion
• Function of Pancreas

  • Produces Insulin
  • Produces Digestive Enzymes
• Function of Salivary Glands

  • Lubricates food
  • To make swallowing easier
• Ingestion

  • The food is chewed to form a ball of food called a bolus. This passes down the oesophagus and into the stomach.
• Four processes in the digestive system

  • ->ingestion (eating)
  • → digestion (breaking down)
  • → absorption
  • → egestion (removal from the body)
• Role of Kidneys

  • produces urine
  • regulates water
  • regulates PH
  • regulates salt balance
• Two symptoms of hepastis

  • The liver is infected, leading to liver failure
  • Itchy skin, caused by toxins in the blood
• Explain the possible causes and symptoms of peptic ulcer

  • Helibacter pylori infection irritates the stomach lining making it vulnerable to acid damage.
  • Therefore, lifestyle choices such as spicy foods, stress, alcohol can increase the symptoms such as
  • Burning/pain in the stomach
  • Heartbeat
  • Indigestion
  • Complications including vomiting blood, dark sticky stools