Geography

• Difference between weather and climate

  Weather: The day to day condition, like raining, sunny and windy.

  
  

  Climate: The average weather in a place: What the weather is usually like for the time of year. Like in the summer it is usually warm.
• How can different weathers be measured?

  Weathers can be measured using instruments and machines.
• What is extreme weather and what are its impact?

  Weathers that are severe, frequent or unexpected for the local climate. It can increase risk to nature, buildings, and human health.
• What is high pressure and what weathers do they bring?

  High pressure is good weathers. Sunny, no clouds, frost.
• What is low pressure and what weathers do they bring?

  Low pressure is bad weathers. Rain, mist, snow, cloud, hurricane, foggy.
• What is convectional rainfall?

  The sun heats the ground. This heat transferred to the air close to the ground and this hot air starts to rise. The process of it is called convection. As the air rises it cools and water vapour condenses to form clouds. This condensation occurs at the dew point and it is here that cumulonimbus clouds are formed. Heavy rain storm occur. These usually include lightening, thunder due to the electrical created by unstable conditions.

  
• What is frontal rainfall?

  When a cold air mass meets a warm air mass they do not mix. The warm air is forced to rise up over the cold air. The warm air rises and cools and when it reaches dew point condensation occurs. Water vapour turns into water droplets creates clouds and rain.

  
• What is relief rainfall?

  Evaporation occurs in warm air as it travels across the seas. When air reaches land it is forced upwards if it encounters large mountains. As the air cools by 1'C every 100m. Cold ai can't hold as much moister as warm air and when it reaches dew point it condenses and this cause clouds to form. Rain occurs on the windward slope. When the air has passed over the mountains it starts to warm and depend. As warmer air can hold more water vapour, evaporation occurs and the clouds disappear. The dry area on the leeward side of the mountain is called the rain shadow.

  
• Define airmass


  Huge blocks of air with similar characteristics.
• How does airmass impact the UK?

  Airmass are responsible for our weathers.
• How is a hurricane formed?

  Hurricanes form over the ocean, when warm humid air rises, humid air condenses to form thunder clouds. The rotation of the Earth's axis makes the system spin, which creates it.
• Where are hurricanes found and why?

  Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean, because the interaction of warm air and warm seawater create them.
• What were the impacts of hurricane sandy?

  - 30 died

  - 80-100 homes caught fire

  - 8 million homes died

  - Transport, subway shut down

  - Blackout

  - Trees pulled out

  - Underground flooded

  - School shuts
• How was hurricane sandy managed?

  - Evacuated all those in high risk areas

  - Close all transport routes including bridges and the subway system

  - Clean up the city focusing on areas such as Times Square and other tourist spots.
• Define globalisation


  The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected (how we are all linked) because of increased global trade and cultural exchange.
• Causes of globalisation


  The growth of transport, trade, technology, and communications, the growth and functions.
• Positive impact of globalisation


  Help people from different countries to share ideas, trade goods, and learn from each other. This means more varieties of products, more opportunities for jobs, and better access to info and tech.
• Negative impact of globalisation

  Big companies move their factories to other countries where labour is cheaper, can lead to job losses. Sometimes bigger companies can overshadow the smaller ones.
• How did the cotton industry cause problems around the Aral Sea?


  Cotton production contributed to the evaporation of the lake. People used it to water the cottons.
• Who are the winners of the global fashion industry?

  Countries with low labour costs and strong manufacturing capabilities, like China and Vietnam. These countries attract fashion brands because they can produce clothes quickly and cheaply.
• Who are the losers of the global fashion industry?

  Countries with high labour costs, like USA, or European countries.
• Define child labour


  The employment of children in an industry, which deprives (prevents) them of childhood. Considered exploitation and usually hazardous work.
• What is the poverty cycle and why does it cause child labour?

  Poverty cycle is the continuation of poverty through generations.

  
  

  Poor standard of living --> Poverty --> Child labour --> Uneducated
• What is migration?


  The movement of a person or people from one country, locality, place of residence, to settle in another place.
• What are the push factors of people migrating? (Push: Something that makes you want to leave an area)

  - Graduation

  - Natural disasters

  - No one likes you :(

  - Lonely, depressed

  - Jobless

  - War
• What are the pull factors of people migrating? (Pull: Something that attracts you to a different area)

  - Job hiring

  - Good facilities (like hospital, police)

  - Friends

  - Good education

  - Range of shops

  - Good landscape
• What is the difference between a Refugee and Asylum seeker?

  REFUGEE:

  - Forced to flee their home due to war, violence.

  - Recognised by law and fled across international borders to seek safety in another country.

  
  

  ASYLUM SEEKER:

  - Coming to another country and seeking safety in fear of something.

  - Not yet been granted refugee status
• Where is the desert biome located around the world?

  North&South America, Central America, Southern Asia, Africa, Australia.
• Why are deserts found in these areas?

  Weather: These places are hot and dry with no clouds because of the high pressure. No clouds means no rain as there are no water to make the cycle happen.

  
  

  Place: These areas are far from oceans meaning that there's no rain. Sometimes, there are cold currents in the ocean which can make the nearby land cooler and drier.
• What is the climate in a desert?

  low moisture, hot temperature, low precipitation, dry wind
• How are plants adapted to live in the desert biome?

  - Long roots that reach deep under the ground to get water supplies.

  - Waxy skin on leaves to reduce the loss of water.

  - Store water in steams, leaves, roots, fruits to help them survive.

  -Spines instead of leaves (like cactus), spine prevent animals from eating plant.
• How are camels adapted to live in the desert biome?

  - Have slit like nostrils and 2 rows of eyelashes for sand protection.

  - Have humps to store fat which they can brea down into water and energy.

  - Have broad, flat leathery feat for protection of hot sand.
• How are fennec fox adapted to live in the desert biome?

  - Have large ears to radiate body heat and help to keep cool.

  - Have thick fur on their feat to protect hot ground.

  - Light coloured fur to reflect sunlight and keep cool.
• How are kangaroo rat adapted to live in the desert biome?

  - Get their water/moisture from seeds.

  - Have large legs that allow them to jump high and avoid predators.

  - Live in burrows during the day to avoid extreme heat.
• What is interdependence?


  The plants and animals that inhabit the hot desert are connected to each other and the physical environment.
• What is desertification?

  Fertile land degrades and changes to desert (unfertile and dry)
• How does earth dam help manage desertification?

  - Help water management: Water can be stored in earth dams in the wet season when it rains and used to irrigate plants during dry season, keeping the plants growing.
• How does upsei cooking stove help manage desertification?

  - Specially-designed cooking stoves.

  - These stoves are extra-efficient at heating and cooking food so that less wood is needed therefore less trees are cut down.
• How does solar powered cooking help manage desertification?

  - These stones eliminate the need to cut own trees because sunlight is absorbed to cook.
• How does terracing help manage desertification?

  - Prevents rainfall/wind from washing away nutrients.

  - Cheap to build, only man power needed.