History

• Civil war


  Conflict between the King (Charles I) and Parliament
• Why did the civil war start?

  1. Parliament had worked with the monarchy for many years

  2. Parliament was meant to help make new laws, discuss wars and taxes

  3. King Charles I and his son thought Parliament should just serve them

  4. These arguments escalated and ended in war
• Armies in the English Civil War

  • King Charles I's supporters were called Royalists (nicknamed Cavaliers)
  • Parliament supporters were called Parliamentarians (nicknamed Roundheads)
• Royalists


  • Known for their long hair and stylish clothes, wore red sashes, included the nobility and Catholics
  • Strong support in the north of England, Wales, Devon, Cornwall and Somerset
• Parliamentarians


  • Wore yellow sashes, most popular in the south, within London and other big cities, included merchants, businessmen and Puritans
• Ordinary people had no choice in which side to take - they would fight for who their landlord fought for or whichever side got to the town first
• People had to give shelter to soldiers - because of this many people suffered and some even starved
• What happened to King Charles I?

  1. By 1647, Charles and his troops had lost and Charles was taken prisoner by Parliament

  2. He managed to escape a second time and convinced the Scottish to team up with him

  3. In 1648 Cromwell's army defeated him at Preston

  4. He failed and was taken prisoner once again
• Many of the MPs felt this was a betrayal and thought that they couldn't trust him
• What happened after Charles was taken prisoner?

  1. 240 MPs wanted to give Charles another shot, but they were not allowed into Parliament by Cromwell's troops

  2. 46 MPs were left to figure out what to do with the king

  3. By 26 votes to 20, they decided to put him on trial for treason
• Before the execution, Charles spent his time at one of the royal palaces in London
• Charles went for a walk with his Spaniel, ate some bread and wine, dressed in his finest clothes (black with a blue sash) to avoid shivering and not appear scared
• Charles then walked the short distance to Whitehall Banqueting Hall for his execution
• Elizabeth's problems


  She was a protestant, though her sister (and former queen) was catholic. Many ppl didn't want another religious conversion. The middle way was designed to tackle this.
• Catholicism


  Elizabeth's sister's religion
• Protestant


  Elizabeth's religion
• Elizabeth's role


  Made herself Governor of the COE (NOT head)
• Priests


  Allowed to marry to please protestant so they could think she was the pope
• The bible was still in English
• Bishops


  • Still played an important role in the church however they were under her control
• Catholic service changed to protestant

  Strict Catholics weren't punished but had to pay the fines for staying at home (These people were known as recusants)
• Her sister was not a good queen. She killed and tortured many protestants and suffered many poor harvests - so people thought she would be as bad as her sister
• There was lots of poverty, she would have to deal with this, otherwise the poor may unite and rebel
• The last two monarchs didn't have children - Elizabeth was the last Tudor - she would need an heir to prevent people from fighting for the crown
• Elizabeth was a woman. She was expected to get a husband and have a male heir. If she married, her husband would get most of the power. She had many proposals - native and abroad - if she accepted one-fights could start.
• England was at war with France - who had teamed up with Scotland.
• Elizabeth


  Born in 1533, became Queen in 1558
• Elizabeth was Protestant
• Elizabeth became Queen after her sister Mary died
• Elizabeth's mother was Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII's second wife, who was executed by Henry VIII in 1536
• Elizabeth's cousin was Mary Queen of Scots, who was Catholic
• Catholics did not believe in Henry VIII's divorce from his first wife, so they did not believe Elizabeth was legitimate and should not be Queen
• Problems Elizabeth faced


  • Religion: She was Protestant, but many wanted England to remain Catholic
  • Mary: Her sister had not been a successful Queen, tortured and killed Protestants
  • Poverty: Levels were high, she had to do something about the poor
  • Heir: Last two monarchs died without heirs, Elizabeth was the last Tudor
  • Marriage: As a woman, she was expected to marry but that would reduce her power
  • War: England was at war with France and Scotland, invasion was a risk
  • Legitimacy: Catholics did not believe she was legitimate as Queen
• Mary Queen of Scots


  Wanted to regain her throne, which risked war with France and Spain if Elizabeth helped her
• Religious Settlement


  Made up of two Acts: Act of Supremacy and Act of Uniformity
• Act of Uniformity


  1. Elizabeth decided how religion and worship should look in England

  2. Combining some elements into a mainly Protestant way of worship

  3. Showing tolerance
• Act of Supremacy

  • Henry VIII removed the Pope as the Head of the Church and made himself the Head of the Church
  • Elizabeth changed this and called herself the 'Supreme Governor of the Church'
  • Kept the Protestants happy and allowed the Catholics to still see the Pope as the Head of the Church
• Elizabeth's Religious Settlement was a compromise showing she was being tolerant towards religion and different to her sister