Take a base (e.g. powdered copper oxide) and mix with heated acid (e.g. concentrated sulphuric acid) to cause a neutralisation reaction that produces a salt (copper sulphate in this case)
Add copper oxide until excess, indicated by unreacted powder at the bottom of the beaker
Filter using filtration paper, then heat solution in an evaporating basin on a beaker of water over a tripod, gauze and a bunsen burner
Once the water has evaporated, dry the crystals produced by placing on filter paper
Electrolysis?
Place carbon electrodes (inert) in a solution of the salt to be electrolysed
The solution contains H+ and OH- ions, if sodium chloride solution then Na+ & Cl - ions
If metal ions is more reactive than hydrogen, it will stay in solution and hydrogen will be reduced at the cathode to make H2 gas. If not, the metal is reduced instead
If non - metal ions is a halid (Cl-), it will be oxidised at the anode. We can prove this by testing with bluelitmus paper and it should become bleached/white. If not a halide, oxygen gas is made at anode instead
Temperature changes?
Measure volume of 30^cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid via measuring cylinder
Put in polystyrene cup - acts as a good thermal insulator
Place cup in beaker for stability
Put 5cm^3 of sodium hydroxide into a 10cm^3 measuring cylinder
Pour sodium hydroxide into cup, fit lid & gently stir with thermometer through hole
Start a stopwatch, record temp. every 30 seconds
When readings stop changing, record final temp.
Repeat steps adding 5cm^3 of sodium hydroxide until 40cm^3
Repeat all steps & calculate mean
Titration (pt1)?
Rinse conical flask & pipette with distilled water
Transfer 25cm^3 of alkali into conical flask
Add methylorange indicator into conical flask
Rinse burette with distilled water & acid, then fix it on a stand
Fill burette with acid until meniscus is exactly zero
Place burette on white tile, & allow acid to trickle slowly into flask, while constantly swirling
When indicator changes colour, stop the tape to give an amount of acid needed
Titration (pt2)?
Refill everything, and repeat steps, but this time close the tap 5cm^3 less than rough titration
Now add the acid drop by drop, keep swirling until methylorange turns yellow to red
Once fully red, record the burette reading from the bottom of the meniscus, and repeat all steps until you have concordant results