Unit 6 topic 4 (management of urban settlements)

Cards (41)

  • London is home to around 9 million people; it is one of the world's greatest cities, and its transport systems transport millions of people daily
  • The busiest tube station is Waterloo, transporting 95.1 million passengers per year
  • London suffers from the worst traffic congestion in the UK and among the worst in Europe
  • Government policies to favour private car and road transport
    • Expansion of roads
    • Road traffic measures
    • Traffic calming
    • Increased parking
    • Bypasses
    • Motorway expansion
    • Creation of new motorways
  • Government policies to favour private car and road transport
    Result in rush hour traffic jams, large/extended periods of road works, increased potholes, large government spending on roads, heavier HGVs, increase in traffic incidents and accidents
  • Car ownership is increasing globally. The total number of vehicles reached 800 million in 2010. Most concentrated in developed countries and their urban areas
  • In the UK, 30% of households have 2+ cars
  • Many people work in urban areas but live in the suburbs and rural areas. They make regular journeys to and from home to work and/or places of leisure by road and rail
  • Changes in the pattern of journeys, now many journeys are between suburbs, so not suited to public transport resulting in congestion on suburban roads
  • It is too expensive to expand public transport to keep pace with suburbanisation
  • A car is very convenient
  • Economic growth in retailing and other consumer services (tertiary) leads to more service vehicles: Supermarket lorries, White van man, Courier services, Freight traffic
  • Traffic increase is also a result of e-tail and e-commerce, supermarket expansion, growth of retail parks
  • Earnings in urban areas are usually higher than in rural areas. This allows more car ownership
  • As the number of cars increases, so does the number of journeys made in them, leading to a fall in public transport
  • Research suggests not only does the frequency of journey increase but the distance travelled also does! People often make extra journeys for leisure purposes
  • The first London Underground line opened in 1863. The aim was to overcome urban transport problems in London because private cars were 'clogging the
  • Oyster card
    A card that can be loaded with money using a debit or credit card. You can then use this card to travel around London on the tube or the bus, and you simply swipe it to go through the barriers or swipe it when you get on the bus to make a payment
  • Congestion Charge
    Motorists are informed if they enter the congestion charge zone through signposts and road markings. A network of cameras reads vehicle number plates as you enter, drive around and leave the zone. Once the car number plate has been matched against the database of those who have paid the charge or who do not have to pay as their vehicle is exempt or registered for a 100% discount, the photographic images of the vehicle are automatically wiped off the database. Any vehicle recorded as having been in the zone during charging hours but where no daily charge has been paid by midnight the following charging day must pay a penalty charge. The charge was £10 per day
  • Congestion Charge

    Daily charge for driving in the Congestion Charge zone in central London between 07:00 and 18:00, Monday to Friday
  • The Congestion Charge increased from £10 to £11.50 (or £10.50 if paid using CC Auto Pay or £14 if paid the next charging day)
  • There is no Congestion Charge on weekends, public holidays, between Christmas Day and New Year's Day inclusive, or between 18:00 and 07:00 on weekdays
  • Congestion Charging London-Aims
    • Discourage drivers from using the zone during peak hours and use public transport instead, thereby reducing congestion, the time spent in queues, the pollution generated, and the cost to the economy
    • The money generated is used to improve public transport, e.g., older London buses which generate more pollution have been removed from service
    • Reduce air pollution and make London city more accessible
  • Traffic congestion, accidents, and pollution levels have all been reduced due to the Congestion Charge
  • There has been increased investment in public transport, and bus services are more reliable
  • There has been an improvement in air quality, and retail sales inside the congestion charging zone have increased
  • Boris Bikes
    Bike rental scheme in London where people pay a £2 bike access fee for the day, and the first 30 minutes of each journey is free. Longer journeys cost £2 for each extra 30 minutes.
  • A credit or debit card can be used in a docking station to release a bicycle, and access for 24 hours or seven days can be purchased
  • Cycles may be rented at any time during the access period, and each use is charged according to its duration
  • Docklands Light Railway (DLR)

    Railway that travels both over and underground, built to connect the redeveloped Docklands area of London to the city centre, transporting around 110 million people per year
  • Hybrid Buses
    • Use the latest green diesel-electric hybrid technology, producing around half the carbon dioxide, a quarter of the particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides of conventional diesel buses, and are more fuel efficient
    • 30% reduction in carbon dioxide
    • 3-decibel reduction in perceived sound levels
    • Reduced oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide
    • 30% reduction in fuel use
  • Ultra-Low Emission Zone (ULEZ)
    Expanded on 25th October 2021 to reduce traffic pollution and improve the health and quality of everyone visiting, working or living in London. Vehicles must meet certain emission standards to drive within the zone without paying a daily charge.
  • The ULEZ operates 24 hours a day, year-round, except for Christmas day
  • Smarter Travel
    Travel planning advice and tools for businesses, schools and residents to support them in reducing car use
  • Encouraging walking

    Enhancements to the urban environment
  • London Freight Plan
    Proposals to encourage more efficient freight operations
  • Green fleet management principles
    • Saves money
    • Reduces pollution
    • Enhances operational efficiency
  • Regenerative braking
    1. Part of the Tube upgrade plan
    2. TfL is upgrading lines
    3. Increasing passenger capacity
    4. Energy-saving measures
  • Crossrail
    • Vital to London's sustainability
    • Maintains London's competitiveness as a world city
    • Provides an efficient and reliable transport system to keep people moving
  • Crossrail
    • Relieves the burden on the existing underground and east-to-west commuter networks
    • Increases rail capacity by 10%
    • Reduces 500 million kilometres of car journeys annually
    • Provides economic growth and access to trade with less environmental impact