AOS2

• Classical conditioning

  The repeated association between two stimulus causing an involuntary reaction
• Before conditioning

  1. NS produces no relevant response

  2. UCS produces the UCR
• During conditioning

  1. The NS is repeatedly presented immediately before the UCS

  2. NS+UCS -> UCR
• After conditioning

  The previously neutral stimulus becomes the CS which causes CR
• Neutral stimulus

  Stimulus that causes no relevant response
• Unconditioned stimulus

  Stimulus consistently producing a innate/naturally occurring, automatic/reflexive and involuntary response
• Unconditioned Response

  Response that occurs involuntarily when the UCS is presented (innate, reflexive, involuntary)
• Conditioned Stimulus

  Stimulus previously neutral but now as a result of repeated associations with the UCS, produces a CR when presented on its own
• Conditioned response

  Learned behaviour that is triggered by the CS as a result of conditioning/acquisition
• Operant conditioning

  A learning process in which the likelihood of a voluntary behaviour occurring is determined by its consequences
• Antecedent

  An environmental stimulus that triggers a voluntary behaviour
• Behaviour

  voluntary response to an antecedent

  observable action by an organism
• Consequence

  Outcome that determines the likelihood of a behaviour reoccurring
• Reinforcement (OC)

  Increases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated/reoccurring
• Positive reinforcement

  Adding a desirable stimulus
• Negative reinforcement

  Removal of an undesirable stimulus
• Punishment

  Decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated/reoccurring
• Positive punishment

  Adding a undesirable stimulus
• Negative punishment

  Removal of a desirable stimulus
• Similarities between CC and OC

  • Behaviourist approach
  • Three stages
  • Both are associations between stimuli
• Differences between CC and OC

  • OC involves a consequence (PUNISHMENT, REINFORCEMENT) whereas CC doesn't
  • Operant conditioning is a voluntary behaviour as a response whereas Classical conditioning is an involuntary response
  • OC involves an active learner whereas CC involves a passive learner
• Observational learning

  Social learning where the learner watches the model's behaviour and the associated consequence of that behaviour to guide their future actions
• Social cognitive approaches to learning

  Learning in social contexts involving individuals processing, remembering and learning information
• Model

  • Live - real life person
  • Verbal - explain the behaviour
  • Symbolic - fictional
• Stages of Observational Learning

  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
  • Reinforcement
• Intrinsic motivation

  Motivation that originates from within the individual
• Extrinsic Motivation

  Motivation that originates from outside the individual
• Reinforcement (OL)

  A consequence that increases the likelihood of the learner reproducing the behaviour
• Self-Reinforcement

  Factors internal to the individual that reinforce the behaviour
• External Reinforcement

  Factors outside/external to the individual
• Similarities between Observational and Classical

  • Both are associations of stimuli
  • Repetition for stronger response/behaviour (repeated trials in CC, reinforcement in OL)
• Similarities between Observational and Operant

  • Active learner
  • Voluntary learning
  • Both involve consequence to the behaviour (reinforcement) that increases the likelihood of behaviours reoccuring
  • Both are associations of stimuli
• Differences between Observational and Classical

  • Passive Learner vs Active Learner
  • Involuntary learning vs Voluntary learning
  • Behaviourist Approach vs Social-Cognitive Approach
  • 3 stages vs 5 stages
• Differences between Observational and Operant

  • Behaviourist Approach vs Social-Cognitive Approach
  • 3 stages (ABC) vs 5 stages (ARRMR)
  • Punishment vs No punishment
• Systems of Knowledge

  Knowledge and skills based on interconnected social, physical and spiritual understandings
• Country

  Traditional lands of a particular language or cultural group, including geographical boundaries and the spiritual, emotional and intellectual connections (to and within these lands)
• Relationships - 8 ways

  • Between learner and teacher
  • Between Learner and community
  • Between concepts
  • Between everything and country
  • Holistic approach to learning
  • Everything interconnected with each other
  • Human to Human
  • Interconnected to other people (present - communities) and their ancestors (past ~ spirituality) + older and younger generations (elders to kids)
  • Purpose: survival, cultural continuity, care for land
• Story Sharing

  Narratives being passed down by elders (culture, tradition, survival, caring for country), connecting through story sharing
• Learning Maps

  Planning and visualising processes and knowledge (visual representations or mind maps about information)
• Non Verbal

  Sharing knowledge through non-verbal kinaesthetic means, such as art, dance