ITP Finals 1 quiz

• Personality


  The pattern of enduring characteristics that produce consistency and individuality in a given person

  
• Personality


  • Encompasses the behaviors that make each of us unique and that differentiate us from others
  • Leads us to act consistently in different situations and over extended periods of time

  
• Psychodynamic approaches to personality

  Based on the idea that personality is primarily unconscious and motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which people have little awareness
• Sigmund Freud


  An Austrian physician who developed psychoanalytic theory in the early 1900s
• Conscious experience is only a small part of our psychological makeup and experience
• Unconscious


  A part of the personality that contains the memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives, and instincts of which the individual is not aware
• The contents of the unconscious far surpass in quantity the information in our conscious awareness
• Preconscious


  Contains material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind, such as the knowledge that 2 + 2 = 4
• Id


  • Primitive, instinctual cravings and longings
  • The instinctual and unorganized part of personality
  • Attempts to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses
• Pleasure principle


  The goal is the immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction
• Ego


  • Rational and logical part of personality
  • Attempts to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world
  • It starts to develop soon after birth
• Reality principle


  Instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the individual's safety and to help integrate the person into society
• Superego


  • Harshly judges the morality of our behavior
  • Represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents, teachers, and other significant individuals
• Conscience


  Prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong
• The superego, if left to operate by itself and without restraint, would create perfectionists unable to make the moral compromises that life sometimes requires
• An unrestrained id would produce a primitive, pleasure-seeking, thoughtless individual on a mission to fulfill every desire without delay
• Psychosexual stages


  Stages during which children encounter conflicts between the demands of society and their own sexual urges
• Fixations


  Conflicts or concerns that persist beyond the developmental period in which they first occur
• Oral stage


  The first 12 to 18 months of life, children suck, eat, mouth, and bite anything they can put into their mouths
• Anal stage


  12–18 months until 3 years of age, a period in which the emphasis in Western cultures is on toilet training
• Phallic stage


  About age 3, interest focuses on the genitals and the pleasures derived from fondling them
• Oedipal conflict


  A child's intense, sexual interest in his or her opposite-sex parent
• Castration anxiety


  The fear of losing one's penis that leads to the repression of desires for the opposite-sex parent
• Identification


  The process of wanting to be like another person as much as possible, imitating that person's behavior and adopting similar beliefs and values
• Latency period


  Around age 5 or 6 and last until puberty period, sexual interests become dormant, even in the unconscious
• Genital stage


  Adolescence until death, is on mature, adult sexuality, which Freud defined as sexual intercourse
• Defense mechanisms


  Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by distorting reality and concealing the source of the anxiety from themselves
• Repression


  Occurs when the ego pushes unacceptable or unpleasant thoughts and impulses out of consciousness but maintains them in the unconscious
• Defense mechanisms can serve a useful purpose by protecting us from unpleasant information, but some people fall prey to them to constantly direct a large amount of psychic energy toward hiding and rechanneling unacceptable impulses
• Neo-Freudian psychoanalysts


  Successors who were trained in traditional Freudian theory but later rejected some of its major points
• Collective unconscious


  An inherited set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that are shared with all humans because of our common ancestral past
• Archetypes


  Universal symbolic representations of particular types of people, objects, ideas, or experiences
• Mother archetype


  Contains reflections of our ancestors' relationships with mother figures, is suggested by the prevalence of mothers in art, religion, literature, and mythology
• Karen Horney


  Sometimes called the first feminist psychologist, suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child and how well the child's needs are met
• Alfred Adler


  Proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority, not in terms of superiority over others but in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
• Inferiority complex


  To describe adults who have not been able to overcome
• Karen Horney


  Psychologist who suggested that personality develops in the context of social relationships and depends particularly on the relationship between parents and child and how well the child's needs are met
• Horney was one of the first to stress the importance of cultural factors in the determination of personality
• Horney suggested that society's rigid gender roles for women lead them to experience ambivalence about success because they fear they will make enemies if they are too successful
• Horney's conceptualizations, developed in the 1930s and 1940s, laid the groundwork for many of the central ideas of feminism that emerged decades later