Internet & Web

• World Wide Web


  The content layer of the Internet, consisting of webpages, multimedia, and resources interconnected through hyperlinks
• History of the Internet

  1. ARPANET project in the late 1950s for the US Department of Defense to have access to the newest and safest communications technology in the event of conflict (Cold War)

  2. Initially intended to connect computers at research institutes funded by the Pentagon over phone lines
• Internet availability in Malaysia began, when MIMOS launched JARING (Joint Advanced Integrated Networking), the first Malaysian Internet Service Provider (ISP)


  1990s
• The Internet was first accessed by Malaysians via JARING


  1992
• TMNet joined as a second ISP in Malaysia

  1996
• There were roughly 580,000 internet users in Malaysia


  1998
• Four companies began participating as ISPs - Maxis Communication, NTT MSC, Time dotCom, and Digi Telecomunications

  2000
• Currently, about more than two million people in Malaysia utilize the Internet
• Tim Berners-Lee


  The Web inventor
• Tim Berners-Lee: '"I believe we can build a Web that is truly for everyone: one that is accessible to all, from any device, and one that empowers all of us to achieve our dignity, rights, and potential as humans."'
• History of the Web

  1. Tim Berners-Lee developed HTML, HTTP and the first web browser called WorldWideWeb for NeXT Computer

  2. WorldWideWeb then has been renamed as Nexus (software) to avoid confusion with the WWW (World Wide Web)

  3. Steve Jobs debuted the NeXT Computer on October 12, 1988
• Uniform Resource Locators (URL)


  Location or address of the resources on the web
• URL parts


  • Protocol
  • Domain name
  • Top-level domain (TLD) name
• HTTP and HTTPS


  TCP/IP-based protocol used to transmit data requested by a user from a server, where HTTP is not secure and HTTPS is a secure protocol
• Industrial Revolution (IR)


  Refers to the major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural shifts that have transformed human society
• IR 4.0


  Smart technology in manufacturing, involving the integration of digital technologies such as IoT, automation, and data analytics into manufacturing processes to enhance efficiency and productivity
• Characteristics of IR 4.0

  • Integration of Technologies (IoT, AI, Big Data, Cloud Computing)
  • Automation and Robotics (Advanced robotics and collaborative robots)
  • Cyber-Physical Systems (Integrating computational algorithms into physical processes)
• Applications of IR 4.0

  • Smart Manufacturing (Predictive maintenance, digital twins, smart factories)
  • Automation and Robotics (Collaborative robots, driverless vehicles)
• IR 5.0


  AI integration and cyber-physical systems, focusing on seamless collaboration between machines and humans
• Characteristics of IR 5.0

  • Integration of Advanced Technologies (quantum computing, AI, nanotechnology, biotechnology)
  • Human-Mechanical Coordination (neurotechnology and brain-machine interfaces)
  • Global Interdependence and Connectivity (Increase interconnectedness and information sharing)
• Applications of IR 5.0

  • Biotechnology and Advanced Healthcare (precision medicine)
  • Neuroscience and Interfaces between Brain and Machine (Improved brain-machine interfaces)
• Internet of Things (IoT)

  Physical objects connected to the Internet to gather and exchange data, enabling new capabilities and applications
• Characteristics of IoT


  • Connectivity (Devices can share data and communicate with one another)
  • Sensors and Actuators (Collect data and carry out actions)
  • Real-time Processing (Prompt responses, especially crucial for healthcare and industrial automation)
• Applications of IoT


  • Smart Home (Home automation, smart lighting, connected appliances)
  • Healthcare (Remote Patient Monitoring, Smart Wearables, Medication Adherence)
  • Water Management (Smart Irrigation)
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)


  Machines performing tasks requiring human intelligence, such as natural language processing, image recognition, and complex data analysis
• Characteristics of AI


  • Machine Learning (Learn from data and gradually improve)
  • Natural Language Processing (Understand, interpret, and generate human-like language)
  • Reasoning and Problem Solving (Analyze information, identify patterns, and make decisions)
• Applications of AI


  • Image and Video Analysis (Image Recognition)
  • Finance (Algorithmic Trading)
  • Education (Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Automated Grading)
  • Video games (Non-Player Character Behavior)
• The Islamic perspective on human creativity and innovation, embodied in modern technology, must be balanced with values of humility, moderation, purposefulness, wholeness, God consciousness, and soul purification (tazkiya al-nafs)
• The values should align with the Islamic understanding of the human self's nature (fitra) and what truly gives it satisfaction and worth
• Modernity technology in Islam involves adaptation and appropriation of the tradition, rather than critique of religion
• Surah Ali Imran 190-192: 'Verily in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of the night and the day there are signs for people of understanding (namely) those who remember Allah while standing or sitting or lying down and they think about the creation of the heavens and the earth (said: "Our Lord, You did not create this in vain, Glory be to You, So save us from the torment of Hell. O our Lord, verily, whoever You put into Hell, You have truly humiliated him, and there is not for the wrongdoers a helper.'
• The universe's order is filled with intelligence and wisdom, contradicting the idea that moral consciousness should not hold individuals accountable for their actions
• By focusing on God and considering the universe's phenomena, one can easily find the truth using these signs
• It shows that Allah's creation is the most perfectly than human