Short questions

• Memory


  Not a single construct, but different types
• Types of memory


  • Episodic
  • Semantic
  • Procedural
  • Working
  • Sensory
  • Short-Term
  • Long-Term
  • Explicit (Declarative)
  • Implicit (Non-declarative)
• Episodic memory


  The ability to recall specific events or experiences from one's past
• Episodic memory


  • Remembering your wedding day or your last vacation
• Semantic memory


  General knowledge about the world, including facts and concepts that are not tied to personal experience
• Semantic memory


  • Knowing that Paris is the capital of France or that the sky is blue
• Procedural memory


  Memory for how to perform tasks and actions, often acquired through repetition and practice
• Procedural memory - Eg

  • Riding a bicycle, playing a musical instrument, or typing on a keyboard
• Working memory


  The ability to temporarily hold and manipulate information for cognitive tasks
• Working memory


  • Solving a math problem in your head or remembering a phone number long enough to dial it
• Sensory memory


  The brief storage of sensory information from the environment
• Sensory memory


  • The fleeting image you see after looking at a bright light or the sound of a bell lingering briefly after it stops ringing
• Short-term memory


  The ability to hold a small amount of information in an active, readily available state for a short period
• Short-term memory


  • Recalling a sequence of numbers just long enough to write them down
• Long-term memory


  The ability to store vast amounts of information for extended periods, ranging from days to decades
• Long-term memory


  • Remembering your first day of school or historical facts learned years ago
• Explicit (Declarative) memory


  Memory that involves conscious recollection of information
• Implicit (Non-declarative) memory


  Memory that influences behavior without conscious awareness
• Subtypes of Explicit (Declarative) memory

  • Episodic
  • Semantic
• Subtypes of Implicit (Non-declarative) memory

  • Procedural
  • Priming
• Explicit (Declarative) memory


  • Recalling the plot of a movie or the date of a historical event
• Implicit (Non-declarative) memory


  • Improved performance on a task due to previous practice, even if you don't remember practicing it
• Retrograde amnesia


  • Loss of access to events that happened prior the trauma, with individuals having the ability to learn things from their early life (Ribot's law)
• Anterograde amnesia


  • Deficits in encoding, storing, or retrieving new events occurring post-trauma
• Amnesia patients fail at explicit tasks (no recollection of who the doctor was)
• Amnesia patients are very good at implicit tasks (couldn't remember who the doctor with the needle was but remembered not to shake the doctor's hand, but they don't know why)
• Amnesia can be evidenced by a temporal gradient, showing that patients remember things from their younger years
• The hippocampus is majorly affected in amnesia cases, as evidenced by patient HM who had parts of the hippocampus removed and then became amnesic
• Memory consolidation


  Memory formed in the hippocampus is consolidated into the medial temporal lobe (MTL), and when the hippocampus is lesioned, you can't remember newly formed memories but can remember older memories
• Damage to the hippocampus is often associated with amnesia
• Damage to the left dorsomedial thalamus is also associated with profound anterograde amnesia and some retrograde amnesia
• Confabulation


  A memory error consisting of the production of fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about the world, where the person believes the fabricated memories are true
• The frontal lobe is associated with confabulation, but the exact reasons for its occurrence are not clear
• Confabulation may be due to a mix of something being true or not, but the person believes the fabricated memories have happened
• Assessments in clinical psychology are conducted to: 1) identify psychological disorders, 2) plan personalized treatments, 3) monitor progress, and 4) gain a comprehensive understanding of the patient
• Main types of neurological disorders

  • Cerebral infection
  • Traumatic brain injury
  • Cardiovascular accident
  • Neurological degenerative disease
  • Brain tumours
• Main forms of neurological degenerative disease

  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Huntington's disease
  • Parkinson's disease
  • Alzheimer's disease
  • Cardiovascular disease
• Main treatment/intervention approaches for neurological disorders

  • Biological treatments (e.g. surgery, medicine)
  • Cognitive treatments
  • Caregiver support programmes
• Broca's aphasia


  Non-fluent speech, can only say a few words, with poor articulation, but good comprehension
• Wernicke's aphasia


  Fluent but meaningless speech, with problems in receptive understanding