exam 3

• Tonic-clonic seizure


  Generalized seizure with both stiffening (tonic) and jerking (clonic) phases
• Compelling reason to disagree with refusal of transport

  He is currently not prescribed any medications - This indicates a lack of ongoing management for his disorder, which poses a risk of recurrence or underlying medical conditions
• Thrombolytic therapy can exacerbate bleeding and worsen the patient's condition in the presence of intracranial hemorrhage
• Dysarthria


  Impaired articulation of speech due to weakness or incoordination of the muscles involved in speech production
• Altered mental status


  Change in cognitive function, including confusion, lethargy, or unconsciousness
• Maintaining adequate oxygenation and ventilation is crucial in a semiconscious patient to prevent further deterioration
• Cerebral vasodilation would increase blood flow rather than interrupt it
• Each cerebral hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body, known as contralateral control
• Hypertension


  The most significant risk factor for a hemorrhagic stroke
• The three major parts of the brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain stem
• Asking the patient to close his or her eyes during the assessment helps isolate the examination and detect subtle signs of weakness or drift
• Hypoglycemia can lead to neurological complications such as seizures due to inadequate glucose supply to the brain
• Determining when the patient last appeared normal helps establish the time window for potential thrombolytic therapy
• Hypovolemia typically presents with different clinical features and is less likely to mimic stroke symptoms
• Respiratory failure or cardiopulmonary arrest result in global oxygen deprivation, affecting the entire brain
• Simple partial seizure


  A seizure that begins in one extremity
• Postictal state


  Confusion and fatigue following a seizure
• Sinus congestion


  Pain is worse when bending over
• Ensuring patient safety and further evaluation of the potential stroke is the appropriate treatment for a patient with sudden onset of left-sided paralysis and slurred speech
• Transporting the child to the hospital and reassuring the mother en route ensures proper evaluation and management of the seizure and its underlying cause
• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8


  Eyes open, moans, and pulls away from pinch
• Mallory-Weiss tear


  Severe vomiting leading to bright red blood in the vomitus
• Protecting the airway from aspiration is the most immediate action for a patient with severe upper abdominal pain and vomiting large amounts of bright red blood
• Being alert for signs and symptoms of shock is the most important consideration for a patient with severe abdominal pain, distended and guarded abdomen
• Administering oxygen and preparing for immediate transport is the appropriate action for a patient with sudden-onset severe lower back pain, a pulsating mass, and signs of shock
• 
  

  Costovertebral angle tendernessCostovertebral angle tenderness refers to discomfort or pain on one side of the back, between the lowest rib and the spine. This area is called the costovertebral angle.

  
  

  This tenderness is often a symptom of renal involvement, which means that the kidneys or the urinary tract is affected by a condition.
• Providing emotional support en route to the hospital is an important aspect in the treatment of a patient with severe abdominal pain
• Identifying whether the patient requires rapid transport is the most important task for an EMT with a gastrointestinal complaint
• Lying on their side with their knees drawn into the abdomen


  The position that most patients with abdominal pain prefer
• Referred pain


  Pain perceived at a distant point on the surface of the body, such as the back or shoulder, originating from a visceral organ
• Peritonitis


  a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the lining of your belly or abdomen, Leads to fluid shifts from the bloodstream into body tissues, contributing to shock
• Urinary tract infections are more common in women due to anatomical differences
• Chest pain in a patient with diabetes

  Should be treated as a potential cardiac event until proven otherwise due to the increased risk of cardiovascular complications
• Caring for an unresponsive patient

  1. Open and maintain airway

  2. Assess breathing
• Diabetic ketoacidosis


  Characterized by altered mental status, hyperglycemia, and Kussmaul respirations
• Hypoglycemia


  • Typically presents with symptoms of sympathetic nervous system activation, including diaphoresis and cool, clammy skin
• Classic signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia

  • Cool, clammy skin
  • Weakness
  • Tachycardia
  • Rapid respirations
• Factor VIII


  Used to treat hemophilia A, a hereditary bleeding disorder
• Polyphagia


  Excessive eating due to cellular hunger caused by insulin deficiency
• Type 2 diabetes


  Caused by resistance to insulin at the cellular level