Paper 2

• Upper class


  a term for the economic elite

  owned large amount of money and land
• Lower Class


  manufactures with little money and lived in poor conditions.

  illiterate, poor, long working hours dictated by agricultural calendar, violent.
• Gender in Pre-Industrial Britain

  men had higher participation rates, often due to the violent nature and sexism
• Social class in Pre-Industrial Britain


  the upper class wagered and bet on the lower class, they took on the role of spectators.

  the lower class participated in the games.
• Education in Pre-Industrial Britain

  the lower class were illiterate because of the lack of an education, therefore the game had simple rules, which were easy to understand.

  they varied from place to place due to their inability to write them down, and have codified rules.
• Time issues in Pre-Industrial Britain


  the long working hours 15 hour days, lead to occasional sporting events. E.g shrove Tuesday.

  sports were on holidays, festivals or holy days.
• Transport in Pre-Industrial Britain


  due to the lack of transport games were local.
• Law and Order in Pre-Industrial Britain


  cruel and harsh living conditions were replicated in the violent nature of popular recreation
• Characteristics of Popular recreation

  - violent

  - local

  - rural

  - irregular

  - large teams

  - lower class participation

  - simple unwritten rules
• Characteristics of rational recreation

  - organised

  - had a code of conduct

  - promoted fair play

  - considered to be respectable

  - exclusive to the upper class

  - played in urban environments

  -played in specialized facilities with specialized equipment
• Real tennis


  - game for the upper class

  - required expensive equipment and appropriated facilities

  - considered to be sophisticated

  - had set written rules

  - no assess to the middle class

  - fair play promoted
• Mob football


  - had no skill, rules or fair play

  - lower class participation

  - occasional games, played on holy days

  - risked injured, which prevented work and lowered household income

  - large scale games played with local villages

  - property was damaged due to violent nature.
• Characteristics of rationalised sport

  - the use of codified rules

  - played by each of the classes

  - regular

  - fixtures and leagues were developed

  - officials were implemented

  - governing bodies rose

  - reputable
• Transport in Industrial Britain

  the development of transport meant they games could be regional, national or even international

  the railway allowed teams and spectaros to travel
• Communication in Industrial Britain

  the improvement of newspapers and radio allowed for supporters to follow their team and keep up to date with their results and upcoming fixture.

  the increased literacy rate allowed for this.
• Urbanisation in Industrial Britain

  rural to urban work, as factories were built

  they had less space to participate in physical activity due to cramped living conditions
• Amateurs vs professionals in Industrial Britain

  the upper class were amateurs and the lower class were professionals

  the professionals were banned form playing in completions and membership fees kept the lower class out of exclusive upper class clubs.
• Churches


  they set up their own teams to promote fair play and masculine Christianity. respectable forms of recreation in an attempt to improve moral functioning.

  they dissuaded participation in popular recreation
• The role of women in Industrial Britain

  there was a further decrease in the participation of women in sports as it was perceived as masculine and physical thus unsuitable for women.

  the lower class were restricted by disposable income and the rational recreation was seen as more socially acceptable for females
• HITFOR in Industrial Britain

  H - Poor health and hygiene

  I - Lack of income

  T - Lack of time

  F - Facility provision was lacking

  O - Overcrowding and lack of space

  R - Loss of rights
• The British Empire in Industrial Britain


  the spread of sports being played at home to the colonies.

  largely occurred as former public school boys took up leading roles within the military and spread the games that they had played in school
• Industrial Revolution in Industrial Britain

  at first it meant a reduced time for sport as the work hours increased and there was a lack of space.

  the middle class factory owners increased participation with half day Saturdays for more leisure time and setting up factory teams.
• National governing bodies in Industrial Britain

  Ex-public school boys developed NGB's which provided structure top with the sport and lead to codified rules which were standardised and the development of national fixtures and leagues.
• Three tier class system in Industrial Britain

  the emerging middle class; clergymen and merchants who were given respect from the upper class.

  took part in modern development of sports through public schools and NGB's
• Association Football


  a game evolved from mob football with standardised rules. it developed as a result of the lack of space with teams, competitions and provided an opportunity for factory workers to earn money as professionals
• Golden Triangle


  - Sports/governing bodies

  - Media

  - Sponsorship
• Sports/governing bodies - Golden Triangle


  - teams receive funding

  - successful sports teams provide a platform of companies to promote their products

  - reputation of sport/sponsor can damage the image if the other is involved in controversy
• Media - Golden Triangle


  - popular sports have a positive impact on the media by increasing viewership

  - sports covered in detail by the media can increase popularity

  - some sports can become less popular due to lack of coverage
• Sponsorship - Golden Triangle


  - media coverage provides a platform for sponsorship to promote their product to a large audience

  - sponsors pay high prices to have adverts during popular sporting events
• Disability - barriers


  - poor assess and facilities

  - negative attitudes towards disabled sports

  - lack of media coverage for disabled sports

  - lack of confidence

  - lower income

  - poor disability sport programs/coaching
• Disability - solutions


  +providing facilities or equipment

  + educating staff and the public

  + increase coverage for disabled sports

  + subsidising fees for disabled sports

  + provide training for disabled sports coaches

  + set up national national bodies who can plan programs for disabled sports
• Ethnicity - barriers


  - negative attitudes, stereotypes and racist views

  - putting athletes in stereotypical roles

  - a lack of role models

  - physical activity might not be culturally important

  - communication issues due to language barrier
• Ethnicity - solutions


  + campaigns, KICK IT OUT, to increase awareness

  + educating staff to dispel any stereotypical views

  + increase coverage for those of an ethnic minority

  + Banning, fining or arresting those found guilty of racist discrimination

  + increase number or ethnic minority coaches and managers

  + programs which are sensitive to the needs of participants
• Gender - barriers


  - negative attitudes, sexist views

  - pushed towards more feminine sports

  - lack of media coverage

  - lack of role models

  - disinterest in PE lessons in school

  - lack of funding for female sports
• Gender - solutions


  + campaigns, THIS GIRL CAN, to increase awareness

  + more female only sports programs

  + increase media coverage, and increased number of positive female role models

  + enforcement of law to reduce sexist behaviour

  + increasing opportunities in a wider range of sport

  + increased leisure opportunities by supporting mothers with child care

  + tailoring PE lessons to suit the preference of the female students
• Disadvantaged - barriers


  - they can not afford the cost of the membership, equipment or other associated costs
• Disadvantaged - solutions


  + reducing membership fees

  + community lead sports programs or projects to reduce the cost
• Discrimination


  the use of a negative perception to make a distinction between an individual or a group
• Stereotyping


  a preconceived idea, oversimplified perception of an individual or a group
• Prejudice


  a previously formed biased opinion which has no evidence to back it up