Hard and soft Nucleophiles and electrophiles

• what else must be considered in controling HOMO/Lumo interactions?

  electrostatic effects
• hard nucleophiles:

  Generally small orbitals and often charged and basic. They have a low energy HOMO and like to attack carbonyl groups. Their reactivity is dominated by electrostatic interactions
• Hard electrophiles:

  • generally have small orbitals and are charged.
  • They have high LUMO energy.
  • Their reactivity is dominated by electrostatic interactions
• Soft nucleophiles:

  • Generally have larger orbitals
  • uncharged and have polarisable electrons
  • They are not basic
  • High HOMO and like to attack saturated carbons
  • Dominated by FMO interaction
• Soft electrophiles:

  • Larger orbitals and are uncharged
  • Low energy LUMO
  • Dominated FMO interactions